Peace for Progress & Bitter and Sweet: A Dual Analysis of India’s Diplomacy and Food Safety

Why in News?

Two significant developments have recently drawn attention to India’s policy-making on the global and domestic fronts. First, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh’s attendance at the SCO Council of Heads of Government meeting in Tajikistan on Tuesday marks another significant occasion since India assumed the chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2025. This visit highlights India’s delicate diplomatic balancing act within an organization that includes China and Pakistan. Second, a draft proposal by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has sparked a debate on the regulation of added sugars in infant foods. The proposal, which extends the maximum permissible limits of added sugars from six months to two years, has raised concerns among public health experts who argue that it panders to manufacturers. This analysis will explore both these issues in detail.

Introduction

The two articles presented in the image offer a striking contrast between the complexities of international diplomacy and the intricacies of domestic public health policy. The first article, “Peace for progress,” argues that economic objectives can only be met in a stable security environment, highlighting India’s efforts to advance regional stability within the SCO while protecting its sovereignty. The second article, “Bitter and sweet,” critiques the FSSAI’s draft proposal on added sugars in infant foods, arguing that it allows manufacturers to evade stricter regulations. Together, these articles underscore the multifaceted challenges of governance and the need for a principled approach to both foreign policy and public health.

Background

The SCO and India’s Diplomacy:
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, and security organization. India became a full member in 2017. The article notes that “Defence Minister Rajnath Singh’s attendance at the SCO Council of Heads of Government meeting in Tajikistan on Tuesday marks another significant occasion since India assumed the chairmanship of the SCO in 2025.” The author argues that “the outreach, which focused on trade, connectivity and counter-terrorism,” is crucial for India’s regional connectivity goals.

The FSSAI and Infant Food Regulations:
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is responsible for regulating food safety in India. The article notes that “the Food Safety and Standards Regulations 2020 currently allow manufacturers to add sucrose and fructose, provided their combined total does not exceed 20% of the carbohydrates in a product intended for infants aged 0-6 months.” The draft proposal by FSSAI seeks to extend these limits to children up to two years of age.

The “Cross-Border Terrorism” Issue:
The article notes that “India has consistently argued that terrorism cannot be delinked from connectivity, with cross-border terrorism from Pakistan.” This is a key point of contention between India and Pakistan.

The “Nutrition” Issue:
The article notes that “research has found that children who regularly received sweetened water during infancy subsequently preferred sweeter liquids, and when exposed to different infant formula flavours influenced their dietary preferences years later, including for sugar-sweetened beverages.”

Key Facts

The SCO Meeting:

Location: Tajikistan.
Date: Tuesday.
Chairmanship: India assumed the chairmanship of the SCO in 2025.
Focus: Trade, connectivity, and counter-terrorism.
Challenges: “China had objected to a draft that referred to Pakistan-sponsored terrorism.”

The FSSAI Proposal:

Current Regulations: The Food Safety and Standards Regulations 2020 allow manufacturers to add sucrose and fructose, provided their combined total does not exceed 20% of the carbohydrates in a product intended for infants aged 0-6 months.
Draft Proposal: Extends the maximum permissible limits to two years.
Inconsistency: “With dietary guidelines for the first six months, followed by nutritionally adequate complementary foods.”
WHO Guidelines: “Nutrient profiling models are being readied to restrict the marketing of foods for babies and children under two.”

The “Sugar” Issue:

Added Sugars: “A draft in the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has pitched to eliminate this allowance—in line with the global public health consensus.”
Fructose: “Fructose or added sugar as nutritional dumping.” Added sugar has often become a commercial strategy, as it serves as a cheap bulking agent.”
Infant Milk Substitutes: “The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles, and Infant Foods Act 1992 tightly restricting aggressively the marketing of infant foods for children up to two years old.”

The “ICMR” Guidelines:

Recommendation: “The 2024 dietary guidelines of the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition say that children under two should avoid added sugars.”
Timeline: “The FSSAI’s draft proposal limiting itself to six months seems like a concession to manufacturers.”

The “Ultra-Processed Foods” Issue:

Need: “This should be avoided since India’s regulatory response to ultra-processed foods is expanding after years of sluggishness.”
Regulation: “If the FSSAI does not expand its proposed restriction to cover all added sugars and extend it across the first 24 months, and pair it with mandatory, interpretive front-of-pack labelling for all foods, its regulatory progress will remain incomplete.”

Recent Developments

The SCO Meeting:
The article notes that “Defence Minister Rajnath Singh’s attendance at the SCO Council of Heads of Government meeting in Tajikistan on Tuesday marks another significant occasion since India assumed the chairmanship of the SCO in 2025.”

The FSSAI Proposal:
The article notes that “a draft in the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has pitched to eliminate this allowance—in line with the global public health consensus.”

The “Public Health” Concern:
The article notes that “public health experts have repeatedly described their decision to sell infant foods with added sugar as nutritional dumping.”

Impact

Impact of India’s SCO Diplomacy:

Regional Connectivity: The SCO can help India advance regional stability, trade, and connectivity.
Security: The SCO can help India combat terrorism.
Diplomacy: The SCO provides a platform for India to engage with China and Pakistan.

Impact of the FSSAI Proposal:

Public Health: The proposal could have a negative impact on public health.
Child Nutrition: The proposal could lead to children developing a preference for sweet foods.
Regulation: The proposal could set a bad precedent for food regulation.

Impact on the Food Industry:

Compliance: The food industry will need to comply with the new regulations.
Cost: The new regulations may increase costs for manufacturers.
Innovation: The new regulations may drive innovation in healthier food products.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position on SCO:
The article notes that “India has consistently argued that terrorism cannot be delinked from connectivity, with cross-border terrorism from Pakistan.” The government is committed to regional stability and security.

The Government’s Position on Food Regulation:
The article notes that “the FSSAI’s draft proposal limiting itself to six months seems like a concession to manufacturers.” The government needs to strengthen food regulations to protect public health.

The “FSSAI” Role:
The article notes that “the FSSAI should not expand its proposed restriction to cover all added sugars and extend it across the first 24 months, and pair it with mandatory, interpretive front-of-pack labelling for all foods.”

Challenges

Challenges for India’s SCO Diplomacy:

China-Pakistan Axis: The China-Pakistan axis is a major challenge.
Terrorism: Cross-border terrorism is a major challenge.
Connectivity: Connectivity projects are often stalled by geopolitical tensions.

Challenges for Food Regulation:

Industry Resistance: The food industry is likely to resist stricter regulations.
Enforcement: Enforcing food regulations is a challenge in India.
Awareness: Consumers need to be aware of the risks of added sugars.

Way Forward

For India’s SCO Diplomacy:

Regional Stability: India should continue to push for regional stability and security.
Connectivity: India should focus on connectivity projects that respect sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Counter-Terrorism: India should push for stronger counter-terrorism cooperation within the SCO.

For Food Regulation:

Stricter Regulations: The FSSAI should adopt stricter regulations on added sugars in infant foods.
Front-of-Pack Labelling: The FSSAI should mandate front-of-pack labelling for all foods.
Public Awareness: The government should launch public awareness campaigns about the risks of added sugars.

Conclusion

The two articles presented in the image offer a compelling commentary on the state of India’s foreign policy and public health regulation. The article on the SCO argues that “economic objectives can be met only in a stable security environment,” highlighting India’s efforts to advance regional stability while protecting its sovereignty. The article on the FSSAI proposal argues that “the FSSAI must expand restrictions to cover all added sugars in infant foods,” highlighting the need for stricter regulations to protect public health.

As the authors conclude, the “ripples from the future” suggest that India must navigate a complex geopolitical landscape while also addressing critical domestic challenges. The government must act decisively to protect both the nation’s security and the health of its children.

Sources & References

The Articles: “Peace for progress” and “Bitter and sweet” (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Ministry of External Affairs, FSSAI, WHO, ICMR.
Context: Reports on the SCO meeting and food safety regulations in India.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, in which country was the SCO Council of Heads of Government meeting held?
A) China
B) Russia
C) Tajikistan
D) Uzbekistan

2. Which organization has the FSSAI proposed to eliminate the allowance for added sugars in infant foods?
A) WHO
B) UNICEF
C) ICMR
D) FSSAI

3. According to the article, what is the maximum permissible limit of added sugars in infant foods under the current regulations?
A) 10% of carbohydrates
B) 20% of carbohydrates
C) 30% of carbohydrates
D) 50% of carbohydrates

4. Which country objected to a draft that referred to Pakistan-sponsored terrorism at the SCO meeting?
A) Russia
B) China
C) India
D) Pakistan

5. Who is the author of the article “Peace for progress”?
A) The article is an editorial.
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

The Struggle to Preserve a Fair International Law

Why in News?

The news that South African jurist Navi Pillay is the recipient of the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize could not have come at a better time for those agonisingly disconcerted by global apathy towards international law. At a time when international law is being battered by powerful, authoritarian men, drunk on power and willing to go to any lengths to pursue their interests and ready to wage war, Ms. Pillay has unequivocally signalled that international law matters. The article “The struggle to preserve a fair international law” by Prabhash Ranjan, Professor and Vice Dean (Research), Jindal Global Law School, published in The Hindu, analyzes the current crisis facing international law and the significance of Pillay’s recognition. This analysis will explore the background of the crisis, the key facts surrounding Pillay’s award, the impact on the global order, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

International law is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally accepted in relations between nations. It is essential for maintaining peace and security, protecting human rights, and promoting sustainable development. However, in recent years, international law has come under increasing attack from powerful states and authoritarian leaders. The article notes that “the real question, however, is what kind of international law matters.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on the global order, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Decline of International Law:
The article notes that “multiple narratives shape international law. One key narrative, as mentioned, is that vital tenets of international law, such as prohibiting the use of force in international relations, have been completely shredded, with multiple wars raging.” This is a significant challenge to the international order.

The Rise of Authoritarianism:
The article notes that “likewise, with rising authoritarianism, there has been a precipitous waning in compliance with international human rights law and an increase in the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity.”

The “Rules-Based Order”:
The article notes that “the scornful attitude towards international law became evident when former U.S. President Joe Biden signed a ‘rules-based order’ instead of ‘international law’, signalling a movement towards an era of norm-light global governance. U.S. President Donald Trump took this several notches up when he said that he did not need international law because he was guided by his own morality.”

The “Authoritarian International Law”:
The article notes that “this brings us to Tom Ginsburg calls ‘authoritarian international law’. They are creating a new normative order. Thus, while authoritarian leaders attacking the fundamental tenets of international law might give the impression that they are hollowing it out, the more nuanced picture is that authoritarians are retooling international law to pursue their objectives. As Ginsburg, Shirlay Scott and others argue, the liberal international law order that emerged after the Second World War and which intensified after the end of the Cold War is a product of what democratic states did in the international sphere.”

The “Scant Respect” Issue:
The article notes that “although the liberal international law order’s democratic credentials can always be questioned, civil, political and human rights were institutionalised and made part of its operating system. Countries created international organisations (IOs) to which they delegated significant powers, accompanied by high judicialisation—the creation of international courts and tribunals to settle disputes.”

Key Facts

The Nobel Peace Prize 2026:

Recipient: Navi Pillay.
Significance: “Ms. Pillay has unequivocally signalled that international law matters.”
Role: “Ms. Pillay’s role as the Chair of the UN’s Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza.”

The “Authoritarian” Tactics:

Retooling: “Authoritarians are retooling international law to pursue their objectives.”
Reshaping: “Authoritarian leaders are undermining legal norms and reshaping international institutions to serve their interests.”
Sovereignty: “Developing countries invoke sovereignty to shape international law norms to serve their aspirations, today, sovereignty seems to be the cloak aimed at shielding authoritarian regimes’ excesses from international scrutiny.”

The “Sovereignty” Issue:

Israel: “Israel’s systematic rejection of reports by UN human rights bodies is grounded on the claim that they interfere in its sovereign affairs, is a case in point.”
IOs: “Creating weak IOs with limited independent powers is another key feature of authoritarian international law. Once created, an IO takes on a life of its own, and member-states should not be able to control a whim.”

The “Shanghai Cooperation Organisation” (SCO):

Example: “This, however, does not suit authoritarian states, which want to retain maximum power while delegating as little as possible to IOs. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a case in point. A preference for resolving disputes through bilateral negotiations than through third-party international adjudication, is also a pivotal attribute of authoritarian international law.”

The “International Criminal Court” (ICC):

Recent Backlash: “The recent backlash against international courts, such as the International Criminal Court, is an example.”

The “Need for a Fightback”:

Pillay’s Work: “The kind of international law that Ms. Pillay represents is what most authoritarian States will find unacceptable.”
Message: “The message that the Nobel Committee has awarded the prize to the ‘greatest life’ of the 21st century, Israel was referring to Ms. Pillay’s role as the Chair of the UN’s Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza.”

The “Rule of Law” Issue:

Definition: “Ms. Pillay represents a thicker conception of the rule of law, laced with values of equality, fairness, accountability and making the individual a subject of international law.”
Challenge: “Authoritarian regimes cannot be expected to develop a fair international legal order premised on justice.”

The “Way Forward”:

Other Actors: “Other actors, including courts, civil society and academia, must therefore mount international resistance to authoritarian attempts to rewire international law to pave the way for a liberal and fair international law.”

Recent Developments

The Nobel Prize Announcement:
The article notes that “the news that South African jurist Navi Pillay is the recipient of the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize could not have come at a better time for those agonisingly disconcerted by global apathy towards international law.”

The “Authoritarian” Trend:
The article notes that “at a time when international law is being battered by powerful, authoritarian men, drunk on power and willing to go to any lengths to pursue their interests and ready to wage war.”

The “Trump” Factor:
The article notes that “U.S. President Donald Trump took this several notches up when he said that he did not need international law because he was guided by his own morality.”

The “Gaza” Issue:
The article notes that “Ms. Pillay’s role as the Chair of the UN’s Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza.”

Impact

Impact on the Global Order:

Erosion of Norms: The decline of international law erodes the norms that govern state behavior.
Rise of Authoritarianism: The rise of authoritarianism threatens democracy and human rights.
Instability: The decline of international law leads to instability and conflict.

Impact on Developing Countries:

Sovereignty: Developing countries invoke sovereignty to shape international law norms to serve their aspirations.
Protection: Developing countries need international law to protect their interests.
Marginalization: Developing countries are marginalized in the international order.

Impact on Human Rights:

War Crimes: The decline of international law leads to an increase in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Genocide: The decline of international law allows genocide to occur.
Impunity: The decline of international law leads to impunity for perpetrators of human rights abuses.

Government’s Response

The Indian Government’s Position:
The article notes that “India has consistently argued that terrorism cannot be delinked from connectivity, with cross-border terrorism from Pakistan.” The Indian government supports a fair and equitable international legal order.

The “SCO” Position:
The article notes that “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a case in point. A preference for resolving disputes through bilateral negotiations than through third-party international adjudication, is also a pivotal attribute of authoritarian international law.”

The “ICC” Position:
The article notes that “The recent backlash against international courts, such as the International Criminal Court, is an example.”

The “Nobel Committee” Position:
The article notes that “The message that the Nobel Committee has awarded the prize to the ‘greatest life’ of the 21st century, Israel was referring to Ms. Pillay’s role as the Chair of the UN’s Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza.”

Challenges

Challenges for International Law:

Powerful States: Powerful states often ignore international law when it suits their interests.
Authoritarian Leaders: Authoritarian leaders attack the fundamental tenets of international law.
Weak Institutions: International institutions are often weak and lack enforcement power.

Challenges for the Global Community:

Cooperation: The global community needs to cooperate to uphold international law.
Accountability: The global community needs to hold violators of international law accountable.
Reform: The global community needs to reform international institutions.

Way Forward

For the Global Community:

Support International Law: The global community should support international law and the institutions that uphold it.
Hold Violators Accountable: The global community should hold violators of international law accountable.
Reform Institutions: The global community should reform international institutions to make them more effective.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the importance of international law.
Advocacy: Civil society should advocate for stronger international law.
Resistance: Civil society should resist attempts to undermine international law.

Conclusion

The article “The struggle to preserve a fair international law” by Prabhash Ranjan provides a comprehensive analysis of the crisis facing international law. The author argues that international law is being battered by powerful, authoritarian men, and that the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Navi Pillay is a timely reminder that international law matters.

The article highlights the need for the global community to support international law and hold violators accountable. It also notes the challenges facing international law, including the rise of authoritarianism and the weakening of international institutions.

As the author concludes, “other actors, including courts, civil society and academia, must therefore mount international resistance to authoritarian attempts to rewire international law to pave the way for a liberal and fair international law.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the struggle to preserve a fair international law will continue.

Sources & References

The Article: “The struggle to preserve a fair international law” by Prabhash Ranjan (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Nobel Committee, UN, ICJ, ICC.
Context: Reports on international law, authoritarianism, and the Gaza conflict.

5 MCQ Questions

1. Who is the recipient of the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize mentioned in the article?
A) Navi Pillay
B) Malala Yousafzai
C) Greta Thunberg
D) Abiy Ahmed

2. Which country’s actions in Gaza are mentioned in the article as being investigated by the UN Commission of Inquiry?
A) Palestine
B) Israel
C) Egypt
D) Jordan

3. Which former U.S. President is mentioned as having signed a “rules-based order” instead of “international law”?
A) Donald Trump
B) Barack Obama
C) Joe Biden
D) George W. Bush

4. Which organization is mentioned as an example of a weak IO with limited independent powers?
A) United Nations
B) European Union
C) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
D) NATO

5. Who is the author of the article “The struggle to preserve a fair international law”?
A) Prabhash Ranjan
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

Why Sensitive Legal Language Matters

Why in News?

Over the last few months, the Supreme Court of India has been engaged in an ongoing conversation about reforming judicial language, through the Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sanjiv Khanna’s call for a Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes in February, the CJI claimed that the Handbook was “technical and ‘Harvar-oriented'”, prompting a revised version which was published in August 2026. The revised Handbook on Judgments and Gender also advocates sensitivity in language and practice. In light of these developments, the Karnataka High Court’s recent decision to replace the term ‘visitation’ with ‘parenting time’ in child custody cases is a welcome step in furthering gender-neutral and sensitive judicial language. The article “Why sensitive legal language matters” by Priyamvadha Shivaji, published in The Hindu, argues that this shift is not merely semantic but deeply substantive. This analysis will explore the background of the debate, the key facts surrounding the handbook and the Karnataka High Court’s decision, the impact on gender justice, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The language used by courts is not merely a technical tool; it shapes perceptions, reinforces or challenges stereotypes, and has a profound impact on the lives of individuals. The article notes that “the Supreme Court of India has been engaged in an ongoing conversation about reforming judicial language, through the Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sanjiv Khanna’s call for a Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes in February.” Justice Lalitha Kanneganti’s October 7 order rightly recognises the fact that parenting is not a responsibility that can be easily abdicated. However, the author argues that “words have meanings which cannot be separated from their social contexts, and change will come forth only when we are willing to recognise and confront them.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on society, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes:
The article notes that “in February, the CJI claimed that the Handbook was ‘technical and Harvard-oriented’, prompting a revised version which was published in August 2026.” The revised Handbook “advocates sensitivity in language and practice.”

The Karnataka High Court’s Decision:
The article notes that “the Karnataka High Court’s recent decision to replace the term ‘visitation’ with ‘parenting time’ in child custody cases is a welcome step in furthering gender-neutral and sensitive judicial language.”

The “Gender Stereotypes” Issue:
The article notes that “the family court in Karnataka used the term ‘visitation’ and ‘visitation rights’ in a case where a father sought custody of his child.” The author argues that “the term ‘visitation’ implies that the father is a visitor, not a parent.”

The “Parenting Time” Concept:
The article notes that “the term ‘parenting time’ is more accurate and less stigmatizing. It recognizes that both parents have a right to spend time with their children.”

The “Words Matter” Issue:
The article notes that “words have meanings which cannot be separated from their social contexts, and change will come forth only when we are willing to recognise and confront them.” This is the central argument of the article.

Key Facts

The Supreme Court’s Handbook:

Original Version: “In February, the CJI claimed that the Handbook was ‘technical and Harvard-oriented’.”
Revised Version: Published in August 2026.
Advocacy: “Advocates sensitivity in language and practice.”
Purpose: “To combat gender stereotypes in judicial language.”

The Karnataka High Court’s Decision:

Term Replaced: ‘Visitation’ with ‘parenting time’.
Context: Child custody cases.
Significance: “A welcome step in furthering gender-neutral and sensitive judicial language.”

The “Judicial Language” Issue:

Historical Context: “Attempts to introduce gender sensitivity in judicial language have clearly not been very successful.”
Need for Training: “The need for training and awareness sessions at judicial academies.”
Recommendations: “The Supreme Court has been asked to study the recommendations for using specific language.”

The “Gender Stereotypes” Examples:

“Visitor”: “The term ‘visitation’ implies that the father is a visitor, not a parent.”
“Caregiver”: “The assumption that mothers are the more natural caregivers.”
“Chastity”: “The term ‘chastity’ is often used to judge women’s character.”

The “Intersectionality” Issue:

Definition: “The term ‘intersectionality’ refers to the overlapping of social identities and systems of oppression.”
Application: “Judicial language must be sensitive to the intersectional experiences of women.”
Example: “A Dalit woman’s experience of violence is different from that of an upper-caste woman.”

Recent Developments

The Karnataka High Court’s Order:
The article notes that “the Karnataka High Court’s recent decision to replace the term ‘visitation’ with ‘parenting time’ in child custody cases is a welcome step.”

The Supreme Court’s Handbook:
The article notes that “the revised Handbook on Judgments and Gender also advocates sensitivity in language and practice.”

The “Gender Sensitivity” Training:
The article notes that “attempts to introduce gender sensitivity in judicial language have clearly not been very successful.”

The “Patriarchal” Norms:
The article notes that “the powerful reminder that fathers, then, are not merely ‘visitors’ but must also be cast as active parents beyond the payment of maintenance understands that judicial sensitivity is not just about replacing one problematic term for another slightly less problematic term.”

Impact

Impact on Gender Justice:

Recognition: Sensitive language recognizes the equal role of both parents.
Challenging Stereotypes: It challenges patriarchal stereotypes.
Empowerment: It empowers women and marginalized groups.

Impact on Society:

Attitudes: Language shapes attitudes and behaviors.
Social Change: Sensitive language can drive social change.
Inclusion: It promotes inclusion and equality.

Impact on the Judiciary:

Credibility: Sensitive language enhances the credibility of the judiciary.
Public Trust: It builds public trust in the judicial system.
Justice: It ensures justice for all.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The government has supported the reform of judicial language. The article notes that “the Supreme Court of India has been engaged in an ongoing conversation about reforming judicial language.”

The “Judicial Academies” Role:
The article notes that “the need for training and awareness sessions at judicial academies.”

The “Handbook” Initiative:
The article notes that “the revised Handbook on Judgments and Gender also advocates sensitivity in language and practice.”

Challenges

Challenges in Implementation:

Resistance: There may be resistance from judges and lawyers.
Lack of Awareness: Many judges and lawyers are not aware of the importance of sensitive language.
Deep-Rooted Stereotypes: Gender stereotypes are deeply rooted in society.

Challenges for the Judiciary:

Training: Training judges and lawyers is a challenge.
Resources: The judiciary lacks resources.
Workload: The judiciary is overburdened.

Challenges for Society:

Patriarchy: Patriarchy is a major challenge.
Inequality: Inequality is a major challenge.
Violence: Violence against women is a major challenge.

Way Forward

For the Judiciary:

Training: The judiciary should train judges and lawyers on sensitive language.
Guidelines: The judiciary should issue guidelines on sensitive language.
Monitoring: The judiciary should monitor the use of language in judgments.

For the Government:

Legislation: The government should enact laws that promote sensitive language.
Awareness: The government should launch awareness campaigns.
Funding: The government should fund training programs.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the importance of sensitive language.
Advocacy: Civil society should advocate for reforms.
Monitoring: Civil society should monitor the use of language in the public sphere.

Conclusion

The article “Why sensitive legal language matters” by Priyamvadha Shivaji provides a comprehensive analysis of the importance of sensitive language in the judiciary. The author argues that words have meanings which cannot be separated from their social contexts, and change will come forth only when we are willing to recognise and confront them.

The article highlights the need for the judiciary to adopt sensitive language, the government to support reforms, and civil society to raise awareness. It also notes the challenges facing the judiciary, including resistance and deep-rooted stereotypes.

As the author concludes, “words have meanings which cannot be separated from their social contexts, and change will come forth only when we are willing to recognise and confront them.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the struggle for gender justice will continue.

Sources & References

The Article: “Why sensitive legal language matters” by Priyamvadha Shivaji (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Supreme Court of India, Karnataka High Court.
Context: Reports on judicial language, gender stereotypes, and the Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, which High Court recently replaced the term ‘visitation’ with ‘parenting time’?
A) Delhi High Court
B) Bombay High Court
C) Karnataka High Court
D) Madras High Court

2. Who is the Chief Justice of India (CJI) mentioned in the article?
A) N.V. Ramana
B) Sanjiv Khanna
C) D.Y. Chandrachud
D) U.U. Lalit

3. According to the article, in which month was the revised Handbook on Judgments and Gender published?
A) February
B) June
C) August
D) October

4. What term did the Karnataka High Court replace ‘visitation’ with?
A) Custody
B) Parenting time
C) Access
D) Contact

5. Who is the author of the article “Why sensitive legal language matters”?
A) Priyamvadha Shivaji
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

Unlocking Agri-Potential of FRA Lands

Why in News?

For millions of forest-dwelling communities, securing rights over land is a vital milestone. For a tribal household, a small patch of land can mean much more than just a legal right. It can be the foundation of livelihood security—provided that conducive conditions exist to make the land productive and sustainable. The article “Unlocking agri-potential of FRA lands” by S. Mahendra Dev, Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), and Sushil Kumar Singh, Secretary of the Environment, Science Technology and Climate Change Department of the Government of Himachal Pradesh, published in The Hindu, argues that while the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, has strengthened the livelihoods of millions of tribal and forest-dwelling communities, the next step is to complement these rights with sustainable agricultural practices, improved soil and water management, institutional support, and market access. This analysis will explore the background of the FRA, the key facts and data presented, the impact on tribal livelihoods, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, was enacted to recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities over land and resources. It has been a landmark legislation in the history of independent India, aimed at correcting historical injustices. The article notes that “for a tribal household, a small patch of land can mean much more than just a legal right. It can be the foundation of livelihood security—provided that conducive conditions exist to make the land productive and sustainable.” The authors argue that “promoting the cultivation of these crops can turn these lands into more productive and remunerative livelihood assets, while simultaneously strengthening climate resilience and reducing India’s import dependence.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on the economy, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006:
The article notes that “while the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, has strengthened the livelihoods of millions of tribal and forest-dwelling communities, the next step is to complement these rights with sustainable agricultural practices, improved soil and water management, institutional support, and market access.”

The “Geographical” Diversity:
The article notes that “India’s geographical spread of tribal districts across 33 States and Union Territories reflects ecological and socio-economic diversity. These regions also differ in settlement patterns, resource availability and agricultural potential, underscoring the importance of approaches that are tailored to local conditions and development priorities.”

The “Spatial” Analysis:
The article notes that “an analysis based on the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil map suggests that several tribal regions are well suited to crops such as soybean, groundnut, mustard, chickpea and other pulses. Further, a State-wise cropping pattern analysis shows considerable diversity across tribal regions: paddy and maize dominate the Kharif season, while wheat, gram, mustard, lentil and other pulses are important Rabi crops.”

The “Regional” Crops:
The article notes that “regional crops namely millets, soybean, cotton, groundnut, sesame, spices, and horticulture crops further reflect local agro-ecological conditions, offering scope for sustainable diversification of oilseed and pulse cultivation on FRA lands.”

The “Scoping” the Country:
The article notes that “the analysis also found that out of 244 tribal districts, 60 districts have major oilseed production potential, 31 have strong pulse production potential, and 23 districts possess favourable conditions for the cultivation of millets, cotton, and spices.”

The “Viksit Bharat” Goal:
The article notes that “such a spatial alignment of FRA lands with agricultural potential suggests that one needs targeted interventions to expand sustainable pulse and oilseed cultivation in these regions.”

Key Facts

The FRA Lands:

Significance: “For millions of forest-dwelling communities, securing rights over land is a vital milestone.”
Potential: “It can be the foundation of livelihood security—provided that conducive conditions exist to make the land productive and sustainable.”

The “Spatial” Analysis:

Soybean, Groundnut, Mustard: “Several tribal regions are well suited to crops such as soybean, groundnut, mustard, chickpea and other pulses.”
Paddy and Maize: “Paddy and maize dominate the Kharif season.”
Wheat, Gram, Mustard: “Wheat, gram, mustard, lentil and other pulses are important Rabi crops.”
Millets, Soybean, Cotton: “Regional crops namely millets, soybean, cotton, groundnut, sesame, spices, and horticulture crops further reflect local agro-ecological conditions.”

The “Districts” Data:

Total Tribal Districts: 244.
Oilseed Potential: 60 districts have major oilseed production potential.
Pulse Potential: 31 have strong pulse production potential.
Millets, Cotton, Spices: 23 districts possess favourable conditions for the cultivation of millets, cotton, and spices.

The “Interventions” Needed:

Quality Seeds: “Access to certified seeds.”
Irrigation: “Improved irrigation and watershed management.”
Extension: “Stronger agri-extension.”
Post-Harvest: “Further, investments in storage, grading and primary processing infrastructure can reduce post-harvest losses and improve value realisation.”

The “Institutional” Support:

FPOs: “Empowered and stronger farmer producer organisations, cooperatives, self-help groups and other community institutions can strengthen collective aggregation, value addition and market access.”

The “Schemes” Convergence:

PMKSY: “Convergence with programmes such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana.”
National Food Security Mission: “National Food Security Mission.”
Mission for Edible Oils: “Mission for Edible Oils.”
PM-KISAN: “Pradhan Mantri Samman Nidhi.”
Van Dhan Yojana: “Van Dhan Yojana.”

Recent Developments

The “Cropping” Pattern:
The article notes that “a State-wise cropping pattern analysis shows considerable diversity across tribal regions.”

The “Districts” Data:
The article notes that “the analysis also found that out of 244 tribal districts, 60 districts have major oilseed production potential, 31 have strong pulse production potential, and 23 districts possess favourable conditions for the cultivation of millets, cotton, and spices.”

The “Interventions” Needed:
The article notes that “such a spatial alignment of FRA lands with agricultural potential suggests that one needs targeted interventions to expand sustainable pulse and oilseed cultivation in these regions.”

Impact

Impact on Tribal Livelihoods:

Income: The cultivation of pulses and oilseeds can increase tribal incomes.
Food Security: It can improve food security for tribal communities.
Climate Resilience: It can strengthen climate resilience.

Impact on the Economy:

Import Dependence: It can reduce India’s import dependence on pulses and edible oils.
Growth: It can boost agricultural growth.
Employment: It can create employment opportunities.

Impact on the Environment:

Soil Health: Sustainable agricultural practices can improve soil health.
Water Management: Improved water management can conserve water.
Biodiversity: It can protect biodiversity.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The government has been supportive of the FRA and the development of tribal communities. The article notes that “the government has launched several schemes to support tribal communities.”

The “Convergence” Strategy:
The article notes that “convergence with programmes such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, National Food Security Mission, Mission for Edible Oils, Pradhan Mantri Samman Nidhi, Van Dhan Yojana can broaden institutional support.”

The “GIS-Based” Crop Planning:
The article notes that “GIS-based crop planning, together with improved institutional credit, crop insurance and assured procurement can strengthen the overall marketing ecosystem.”

The “FRA” Implementation:
The article notes that “the journey from forest rights to livelihood security does not end with land recognition; it begins there.”

Challenges

Challenges in Implementation:

Land Quality: Many FRA lands are of poor quality.
Infrastructure: The lack of infrastructure is a challenge.
Market Access: The lack of market access is a challenge.

Challenges for Tribal Communities:

Awareness: Many tribal communities are not aware of their rights.
Resources: Tribal communities lack resources.
Capacity: Tribal communities lack capacity.

Challenges for the Government:

Coordination: Coordinating across ministries is a challenge.
Funding: The government needs to provide adequate funding.
Monitoring: Monitoring the implementation is a challenge.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Region-Specific Strategy: The government should adopt a region-specific strategy.
Convergence: The government should ensure convergence of schemes.
Institutional Support: The government should provide institutional support.

For Tribal Communities:

Capacity Building: Tribal communities should build their capacity.
Collective Action: They should engage in collective action.
Market Linkages: They should build market linkages.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the FRA.
Training: Civil society should provide training to tribal communities.
Advocacy: Civil society should advocate for the rights of tribal communities.

Conclusion

The article “Unlocking agri-potential of FRA lands” by S. Mahendra Dev and Sushil Kumar Singh provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of FRA lands. The authors argue that while the FRA has strengthened the livelihoods of millions of tribal communities, the next step is to complement these rights with sustainable agricultural practices.

The article highlights the need for a region-specific strategy, convergence of schemes, and institutional support. It also notes the challenges facing the implementation of the FRA.

As the authors conclude, “strengthening these rights with sustainable agricultural practices can turn these lands into more productive and remunerative livelihood assets, while simultaneously strengthening climate resilience and reducing India’s import dependence.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the success of the FRA will depend on the government’s ability to implement it effectively.

Sources & References

The Article: “Unlocking agri-potential of FRA lands” by S. Mahendra Dev and Sushil Kumar Singh (The Hindu).
Data Sources: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
Context: Reports on the Forest Rights Act, tribal livelihoods, and agricultural development.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, which act has strengthened the livelihoods of millions of tribal and forest-dwelling communities?
A) Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006
B) Tribal Rights Act, 2006
C) Land Acquisition Act, 2013
D) Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996

2. How many tribal districts are mentioned in the article?
A) 100
B) 244
C) 500
D) 700

3. According to the analysis, how many districts have major oilseed production potential?
A) 23
B) 31
C) 60
D) 100

4. Which organization’s soil map is mentioned in the article?
A) ICAR
B) FAO
C) World Bank
D) UNDP

5. Who are the authors of the article “Unlocking agri-potential of FRA lands”?
A) S. Mahendra Dev and Sushil Kumar Singh
B) Shashi Tharoor and Ram Madhav
C) Jaison Manjaly and Ashok Gulati
D) Neelkanth Mishra and Somik V. Lall

Answers:

Drug Prices: Overcharging Claims of ₹8,447 Crore Remain Unpaid

Why in News?

On October 12, the Centre informed the Supreme Court that it had decided to cap trade margins at 30% for non-scheduled anti-cancer medicines. A Bench of Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta questioned why this cap could not be extended to other medicines and medical products. Citing steep differences between the prices at which products were supplied and those charged to patients, the court asked the government to work out broader measures for regulating medicine prices. The article “Drug prices: overcharging claims of ₹8,447 crore remain unpaid” by Devyani Bihani, published in The Hindu, reveals a shocking statistic: the outstanding amount of overcharging claims by the pharmaceutical industry accounts for about 84% of the cumulative demand. This revelation comes at a time when healthcare costs are soaring, and the government’s ability to regulate drug prices is being questioned.

Introduction

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most profitable sectors in India. However, this profitability often comes at the expense of patients. The article notes that “the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA), the government’s drug price regulator, continues to pursue companies for overpricing.” This overpricing has significant consequences for public health, as it makes essential medicines unaffordable for millions of Indians. The article uses data from the NPPA and the National Statistical Office (NSO) to paint a grim picture of the state of drug pricing in India. This analysis will explore the background of the drug pricing crisis, the key facts and data presented, the impact on patients, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Role of the NPPA:
The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) was established in 1997 to fix the prices of essential drugs and regulate the prices of non-essential drugs. The article notes that “although established in 1997, the NPPA records cover dates dating back to 1979.” The NPPA is responsible for implementing the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), which governs medicine pricing in India.

The Drug Pricing Mechanism:
The article notes that “the NPPA’s year-end data for each financial year shows that cases of overcharging have varied considerably between 2009-10 and 2025-26.” The regulator takes action against companies that overcharge. However, the recovery of overcharged amounts is a major challenge.

The “Trade Margin” Issue:
The article notes that “while high trade margins are not necessarily illegal, overcharging beyond regulated prices violates the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO).” This is a key point. The government regulates the prices of essential medicines, but it does not regulate the trade margins on non-essential medicines.

The “Healthcare” Cost:
The article notes that “the scale of the issue matters because medicines make up a significant share of household hospitalisation costs.” According to the NSO’s Household Consumption: Health survey, “medical expenditure per hospitalisation case in rural areas, out of a total of ₹32,884—nearly one-fifth of the cost. In urban areas, the average was ₹46,474, of which ₹8,608 was on medicines.”

Key Facts

The Outstanding Amount:

Amount: ₹8,447 crore.
Percentage: About 84% of the cumulative demand.
Context: “The outstanding amount is more than five times the amount realised in the past five years.”

The Demand vs. Recovery:

Cumulative Demand: ₹10,028 crore.
Realised: ₹1,582 crore.
Outstanding: ₹8,447 crore.

The “High Margin” Cases:

2015-16: Highest count in this period was 268 cases.
2020-21: 248 cases.
2025-26: 133 cases.

The “Annual Entries”:

Since 2009: “The annual entries after 2009 cover 2,303 cases with a cumulative demand of ₹10,028 crore, including interest, of which about ₹4,460 crore remain outstanding.”
Before 2009: “The NPPA recorded 731 cases, with ₹4,764.75 crore demand and ₹3,987.5 crore outstanding.”

The “Litigation” Issue:

Amount: “Of the total outstanding amount, more than ₹5,800 crore is tied up in litigation.”
Under Process: “Another 2,260 crore relates to cases referred to collectors for recovery, while ₹2,369 crore remains under process.”
Refund: “In a Lok Sabha reply in 2019, the Department of Pharmaceuticals stated that ‘there is no mechanism to compensate the consumers for the amount overcharged.'”

The “Healthcare” Cost:

Rural: “Medical expenditure per hospitalisation case in rural areas, out of a total of ₹32,884—nearly one-fifth of the cost.”
Urban: “In urban areas, the average was ₹46,474, of which ₹8,608 was on medicines.”

The “Supreme Court” Case:

Ruling: “On October 12, the Centre informed the Supreme Court that it had decided to cap trade margins at 30% for non-scheduled anti-cancer medicines.”
Question: “A Bench of Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta questioned why this cap could not be extended to other medicines and medical products.”

The “Breakup” of Outstanding Amount:

Under Litigation: ₹5,872.6 crore.
Under Process: ₹2,369.3 crore.
Referred to Collector: ₹200 crore.
Pending with BIFR/ Official liquidator: ₹5.5 crore.

Recent Developments

The Supreme Court’s Intervention:
The article notes that “on October 12, the Centre informed the Supreme Court that it had decided to cap trade margins at 30% for non-scheduled anti-cancer medicines.” This is a significant development, as it shows that the government is taking steps to regulate drug prices.

The “NPPA” Data:
The article notes that “the NPPA’s year-end data for each financial year shows that cases of overcharging have varied considerably between 2009-10 and 2025-26.”

The “Recovery” Challenge:
The article notes that “the recovery of overcharged amounts is a major challenge.” The NPPA has been unable to recover a significant portion of the outstanding amount.

The “Consumer” Issue:
The article notes that “in a Lok Sabha reply in 2019, the Department of Pharmaceuticals stated that ‘there is no mechanism to compensate the consumers for the amount overcharged.'”

Impact

Impact on Patients:

Affordability: High drug prices make essential medicines unaffordable for millions of Indians.
Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: Patients have to pay a significant portion of their healthcare costs out of pocket.
Health Outcomes: High drug prices can lead to poor health outcomes, as patients may skip doses or not seek treatment.

Impact on the Healthcare System:

Cost: High drug prices drive up the cost of healthcare.
Access: They restrict access to essential medicines.
Equity: They exacerbate health inequities.

Impact on the Economy:

Poverty: High out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure can push families into poverty.
Productivity: Poor health reduces productivity.
Growth: High healthcare costs can slow economic growth.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The government has taken steps to regulate drug prices, including capping trade margins on anti-cancer medicines.

The “NPPA” Role:
The NPPA is responsible for implementing the DPCO and taking action against companies that overcharge.

The “Supreme Court” Directive:
The Supreme Court has asked the government to work out broader measures for regulating medicine prices.

The “Department of Pharmaceuticals” Position:
The Department of Pharmaceuticals has stated that “there is no mechanism to compensate the consumers for the amount overcharged.”

Challenges

Challenges in Regulation:

Litigation: A significant portion of the outstanding amount is tied up in litigation.
Recovery: Recovering overcharged amounts from companies is a challenge.
Enforcement: Enforcing the DPCO is a challenge.

Challenges for Patients:

Awareness: Many patients are not aware of their rights.
Affordability: High drug prices are a major burden.
Access: Access to essential medicines is a challenge in rural areas.

Challenges for the Government:

Balancing Interests: The government needs to balance the interests of patients and the pharmaceutical industry.
Regulatory Capacity: The NPPA lacks the capacity to regulate the entire pharmaceutical market.
Political Will: There is a lack of political will to take on the powerful pharmaceutical lobby.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Strengthen NPPA: The government should strengthen the NPPA by providing it with more resources and powers.
Regulate Trade Margins: The government should regulate trade margins on all medicines, not just anti-cancer drugs.
Compensate Consumers: The government should establish a mechanism to compensate consumers for overcharging.

For the Pharmaceutical Industry:

Self-Regulation: The industry should adopt self-regulation measures to ensure fair pricing.
Transparency: The industry should be transparent about its pricing.
Ethics: The industry should prioritize patient welfare over profits.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about drug pricing issues.
Advocacy: Civil society should advocate for stronger regulation.
Monitoring: Civil society should monitor the implementation of the DPCO.

Conclusion

The article “Drug prices: overcharging claims of ₹8,447 crore remain unpaid” by Devyani Bihani provides a comprehensive analysis of the drug pricing crisis in India. The author argues that the NPPA has been unable to recover a significant portion of the overcharged amount, and that patients are bearing the brunt of high drug prices.

The article highlights the need for the government to strengthen the NPPA, regulate trade margins, and compensate consumers. It also notes the challenges facing the healthcare system, including high out-of-pocket expenditure and limited access to essential medicines.

As the author concludes, “the scale of the issue matters because medicines make up a significant share of household hospitalisation costs.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the drug pricing crisis will continue unless decisive action is taken.

Sources & References

The Article: “Drug prices: overcharging claims of ₹8,447 crore remain unpaid” by Devyani Bihani (The Hindu).
Data Sources: National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA), National Statistical Office (NSO).
Context: Reports on drug pricing, healthcare costs, and the pharmaceutical industry in India.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, what is the outstanding amount of overcharging claims by the pharmaceutical industry?
A) ₹1,582 crore
B) ₹4,460 crore
C) ₹8,447 crore
D) ₹10,028 crore

2. What percentage of the cumulative demand does the outstanding amount account for?
A) 50%
B) 62.7%
C) 84%
D) 90%

3. According to the NSO survey, what is the average medical expenditure per hospitalisation case in rural areas?
A) ₹8,608
B) ₹32,884
C) ₹46,474
D) ₹50,000

4. In which year did the NPPA record the highest number of overcharging cases?
A) 2015-16
B) 2020-21
C) 2025-26
D) 2009-10

5. Who is the author of the article “Drug prices: overcharging claims of ₹8,447 crore remain unpaid”?
A) Devyani Bihani
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

News in Numbers: From the Sudan Airstrike and India’s Infra Growth to Militancy in Balochistan

Why in News?

The “News in Numbers” section of The Hindu presents a snapshot of five critical developments that collectively illustrate the multifaceted nature of current global and domestic affairs. These range from conflict and diplomacy to economic performance and public safety. Specifically, the news items highlight:

The death toll of 153 from a drone strike in the disputed territory between Sudan and South Sudan.
The signing of 20 Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) by Pakistan and the Maldives in defense and maritime security.
The 7.9 per cent growth in India’s key infrastructure industries in September 2026.
The registration of 1.12 lakh vehicles in Maharashtra during Navratri.
The killing of at least 1,100 militants in Balochistan in the last 12 months.

These seemingly disparate events are interconnected in a world where regional conflicts, strategic alliances, economic development, and security challenges are deeply intertwined.

Introduction

The “News in Numbers” feature offers a data-driven approach to understanding current affairs. Each number tells a story of human tragedy, diplomatic maneuvering, economic progress, or security operations. The article captures a week where a drone strike in Sudan claimed 153 lives, Pakistan and the Maldives deepened their defense ties with 20 MoUs, India’s core infrastructure sector grew by 7.9%, Maharashtra saw 1.12 lakh vehicle registrations during Navratri, and Pakistan reported the killing of 1,100 militants in Balochistan. This analysis will delve into each of these items, exploring their background, key facts, impact, and the way forward.

Background

The Sudan Conflict:
The article notes that “the death toll from a drone strike on Monday in a market area in a disputed between Sudan and South Sudan has risen to 153 and is likely even higher, a local official said on Wednesday.” This tragedy highlights the ongoing instability in the region. The disputed territory has been a flashpoint for conflict between the two countries.

The Pakistan-Maldives MoUs:
The article notes that “Pakistan and the Maldives on Wednesday signed 20 memorandums of understanding in strength to strengthen cooperation in various fields, including defence, maritime security and artificial intelligence.” This is a significant development, as it reflects the growing strategic ties between the two countries. The agreements were signed during the visit of Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu, who arrived in Islamabad at the invitation of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif.

India’s Infrastructure Growth:
The article notes that “output of key infrastructure industries increased by 7.9% in September 2026 against 3.1% in the year-ago month, driven by strong performance of iron ore, electricity and cement segments.” This is a positive sign for the Indian economy, as the infrastructure sector is a key driver of growth. The growth was driven by strong performance in iron ore, electricity, and cement segments.

Maharashtra’s Vehicle Registrations:
The article notes that “Maharashtra recorded the registration of 1,12,814 vehicles, including over 77,000 bikes and 25,000 cars, during the 10-day Navratri festival this year, a dip of about 2% over last year. They attributed the drop in the numbers to poor rainfall, drought and uncertainty in global financial conditions.” This data provides insights into consumer sentiment and economic activity in the state.

Militancy in Balochistan:
The article notes that “at least 1,100 militants belonging to banned insurgent groups and Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) have been killed in Pakistan’s volatile Balochistan in the last 12 months, the Home Minister of the province said on Wednesday.” This highlights the ongoing security challenges in Pakistan’s Balochistan province.

Key Facts

The Sudan Airstrike:

Death Toll: 153.
Location: Disputed territory between Sudan and South Sudan.
Target: Market area.
Date: Monday.
Official Statement: A local official said on Wednesday.

The Pakistan-Maldives MoUs:

Number of MoUs: 20.
Areas of Cooperation: Defense, maritime security, artificial intelligence.
Signatories: Pakistan and the Maldives.
Visit: Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu visited Islamabad.
Host: Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif.

India’s Infrastructure Growth:

Growth Rate: 7.9% in September 2026.
Previous Year: 3.1% in the year-ago month.
Drivers: Iron ore, electricity, cement.
Sectors: Eight core infrastructure industries.
Data Source: Commerce and Industry Ministry.

Maharashtra’s Vehicle Registrations:

Total Registrations: 1,12,814.
Bikes: Over 77,000.
Cars: 25,000.
Festival: Navratri (10-day).
Decline: 2% over last year.

Militancy in Balochistan:

Death Toll: At least 1,100 militants.
Groups: Banned insurgent groups and Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).
Province: Balochistan.
Timeframe: Last 12 months.
Source: Home Minister of the province.

Recent Developments

The Sudan Airstrike:
The article notes that “the number may increase because some victims have been burned to ashes and the rescuers are doing their best to gather all the bodies.” This shows the severity of the attack.

The Pakistan-Maldives MoUs:
The article notes that “the agreements were inked during the visit of Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu, who arrived in Islamabad at the invitation of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif.” This is a significant development, as it strengthens the strategic ties between the two countries.

India’s Infrastructure Growth:
The article notes that “the core sector expanded by 5.9% in August.” This shows that the growth is consistent.

Maharashtra’s Vehicle Registrations:
The article notes that “they attributed the drop in the numbers to poor rainfall, drought and uncertainty in global financial conditions.” This shows that the economic environment is challenging.

Impact

Impact of the Sudan Airstrike:

Humanitarian Crisis: The airstrike has caused a humanitarian crisis.
Instability: It has exacerbated instability in the region.
Civilian Casualties: It has resulted in high civilian casualties.

Impact of the Pakistan-Maldives MoUs:

Strategic Ties: The MoUs will strengthen strategic ties between Pakistan and the Maldives.
Defense Cooperation: They will enhance defense cooperation.
Regional Dynamics: They will impact regional dynamics.

Impact of India’s Infrastructure Growth:

Economic Growth: The growth in the infrastructure sector will boost economic growth.
Job Creation: It will create jobs.
Investment: It will attract investment.

Impact of Maharashtra’s Vehicle Registrations:

Consumer Sentiment: The data provides insights into consumer sentiment.
Economic Activity: It reflects economic activity in the state.
Auto Industry: It impacts the auto industry.

Impact of Militancy in Balochistan:

Security: The killings reflect the ongoing security challenges in Balochistan.
Stability: They impact stability in the region.
Human Rights: They raise human rights concerns.

Government’s Response

The Sudanese Government’s Position:
The article notes that “a local official said on Wednesday” that the death toll has risen. The government is likely investigating the attack.

The Pakistani Government’s Position:
The article notes that “Pakistan and the Maldives on Wednesday signed 20 memorandums of understanding.” The government is strengthening its strategic ties.

The Indian Government’s Position:
The article notes that “output of key infrastructure industries increased by 7.9%.” The government is focused on boosting infrastructure growth.

The Maharashtra Government’s Position:
The article notes that “Maharashtra recorded the registration of 1,12,814 vehicles.” The government is monitoring the economic situation.

The Balochistan Government’s Position:
The article notes that “at least 1,100 militants… have been killed.” The government is conducting security operations.

Challenges

Challenges for Sudan:

Conflict: The biggest challenge is the ongoing conflict.
Humanitarian Crisis: The humanitarian crisis is a major challenge.
Instability: The instability is a major challenge.

Challenges for Pakistan:

Security: The security situation in Balochistan is a major challenge.
Economy: The economic situation is a challenge.
Diplomacy: Balancing relationships with the Maldives and other countries is a challenge.

Challenges for India:

Infrastructure: The infrastructure deficit is a major challenge.
Growth: Maintaining growth is a challenge.
Employment: Creating jobs is a challenge.

Way Forward

For Sudan:

Peace Process: The international community should support the peace process.
Humanitarian Aid: The international community should provide humanitarian aid.
Accountability: The perpetrators of the airstrike should be held accountable.

For Pakistan:

Security Operations: Pakistan should continue security operations in Balochistan.
Economic Reforms: Pakistan should implement economic reforms.
Diplomacy: Pakistan should engage in diplomacy with the Maldives and other countries.

For India:

Infrastructure Investment: India should continue to invest in infrastructure.
Economic Reforms: India should implement economic reforms to boost growth.
Job Creation: India should focus on job creation.

Conclusion

The “News in Numbers” section provides a snapshot of the complex challenges facing the world today. From the Sudan airstrike to the Pakistan-Maldives MoUs, from India’s infrastructure growth to Maharashtra’s vehicle registrations, and the killings of militants in Balochistan, these events highlight the interconnected nature of our world.

As the data shows, the world is facing a multitude of challenges, including conflict, security threats, economic uncertainty, and humanitarian crises. Addressing these challenges will require cooperation, dialogue, and a commitment to sustainable development.

Sources & References

The Article: “News in Numbers” (The Hindu, October 2026).
Data Sources: Associated Press (AP), Press Trust of India (PTI), Commerce and Industry Ministry, Home Ministry of Balochistan.
Context: Reports on the Sudan conflict, Pakistan-Maldives relations, India’s infrastructure sector, Maharashtra’s auto sales, and security in Balochistan.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, what was the death toll from the drone strike in the disputed territory between Sudan and South Sudan?
A) 100
B) 153
C) 200
D) 250

2. How many MoUs were signed by Pakistan and the Maldives?
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

3. According to the article, what was the growth rate of India’s key infrastructure industries in September 2026?
A) 3.1%
B) 5.9%
C) 7.9%
D) 10.0%

4. How many vehicles were registered in Maharashtra during the 10-day Navratri festival?
A) 50,000
B) 77,000
C) 1,12,814
D) 1,50,000

5. According to the article, how many militants were killed in Balochistan in the last 12 months?
A) 500
B) 800
C) 1,100
D) 1,500

Answers:

How Exposed Is India to Foreign Tech?

Why in News?

U.S. space tycoon Elon Musk recently threatened the military-grade Starshield network provided by his company SpaceX to Ukraine in retaliation for Ukraine’s attacks on Russian oil infrastructure. The Wall Street Journal has reported this threat—without precedent—with a similar move in 2022 (although SpaceX disputed media reports)—but his most recent transgression should put other countries still using or planning to use his services on alert. The article “How exposed is India to foreign tech?” by Vasudevan Mukunth, published in The Hindu, argues that India’s dependence on foreign-controlled technology—from satellite navigation to cloud computing and military equipment—exposes critical infrastructure to external pressure. This analysis will explore the background of India’s tech dependence, the key facts across sectors, the impact on national security, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

In an increasingly digital and interconnected world, technology is the backbone of critical infrastructure. However, the control of this technology often rests with a handful of foreign companies and governments. The article notes that “India and the industry have thus far resisted Starlink’s entry. Musk is unhappy and likely to keep pushing.” This resistance is a recognition of the risks involved. The author argues that “on the flip side, the fact that India’s critical infrastructure is exposed to services provided by other foreign operators. They have acted lawfully so far, but the country still retains strong incentives to substitute them with homegrown alternatives.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on different sectors, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Starlink Controversy:
The article notes that “U.S. space tycoon Elon Musk recently threatened the military-grade Starshield network provided by his company SpaceX to Ukraine in retaliation for Ukraine’s attacks on Russian oil infrastructure.” This shows the leverage that private tech companies can wield over sovereign nations.

India’s Satellite Communications:
The article notes that “the Indian government has currently licensed three companies to provide satellite communications services: Starlink, the Indian subsidiary of Eutelsat OneWeb, and Jio Satellite Communications. As of October 16, none had received the security clearance they need to offer broadband services provided by commercial satellites.”

The “Musk’s SpaceX” Issue:
The article notes that “Musk’s SpaceX controls Starlink and retains the ability to manage its network and restrict services (if needed). Eutelsat OneWeb is backed by the governments of Europe’s countries and its satellite network is effectively controlled by the continental bloc. The Bharti group has invested in it to the tune of 26%.”

The “Cloud Computing” Issue:
The article notes that “Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud currently provide cloud-computing infrastructure and managed services to thousands of businesses and public institutions in India, with Gartner forecasting that Indian expenditure on cloud services would reach $7.5 billion in 2026.”

The “Digital Payments” Issue:
The article notes that “The National Payments Corporation of India operates the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and the domestic infrastructure provides India with considerable independence from Visa and Mastercard. That said, the consumer-facing layer is non-trivially concentrated in businesses controlled by foreign players such as Google, which is also under scrutiny after the U.S. Department of Justice ruled its search business illegal.”

The “Military Equipment” Issue:
The article notes that “After the Operation Shakti nuclear tests in 1998, the U.S. imposed sanctions on India, including restricting military supplies. As a result, the Comptroller and Auditor General found that the 30 LTH 7500 helicopter engines Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. had ordered from a U.S.-based manufacturer in April that year couldn’t be delivered.”

Key Facts

Satellite Communications:

Licensed Companies: Starlink, Eutelsat OneWeb, Jio Satellite Communications.
Security Clearance: None had received security clearance as of October 16.
Starshield: Musk’s SpaceX controls Starlink and retains the ability to manage its network and restrict services.

Satellite Navigation:

NavIC: India’s NavIC constellation is a group of satellites to provide position and navigation services over the Indian subcontinent.
Shortcomings: “As of October 16, none had received the security clearance they need to offer broadband services provided by commercial satellites.”
Global Positioning System (GPS): “The U.S. discontinued its policy to be able to deliberately degrade global civilian GPS accuracy in 2000 and committed to not reinstating that mechanism. However, it retains the ability to deny PNT services for military purposes over specific areas.”

Cloud Computing and IT:

Providers: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud.
Market Size: “Gartner forecasting that Indian expenditure on cloud services would reach $7.5 billion in 2026.”
MeghRaj: “The government operates its own cloud infrastructure, called MeghRaj, through the National Informatics Centre (NIC).”
Dependency: “But that they also depended on the MeghRaj platform.”
Outsourced: “Outsourced needs to connect to an AWS regional control system for monitoring and software updates, meaning it’s possible the arrangement will continue to leave Indian physical infrastructure exposed to a management service controlled by foreign operators.”

Digital Payments:

UPI: “The National Payments Corporation of India operates the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).”
Independence: “The domestic infrastructure provides India with considerable independence from Visa and Mastercard.”
Concentration: “The consumer-facing layer is non-trivially concentrated in businesses controlled by foreign players such as Google, which is also under scrutiny after the U.S. Department of Justice ruled its search business illegal.”
Google Pay: “Google Pay shutting down would not disrupt UPI itself; users could simply switch to another solution, such as PhonePe.”

Military Equipment:

Sanctions: “After the Operation Shakti nuclear tests in 1998, the U.S. imposed sanctions on India, including restricting military supplies.”
CAG Report: “The Comptroller and Auditor General found that the 30 LTH 7500 helicopter engines Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. had ordered from a U.S.-based manufacturer in April that year couldn’t be delivered.”
French Manufacturer: “So HAL nixed the arrangement and ordered replacements from a French manufacturer.”
Russian Arms: “Russia accounted for 40% of these imports, followed by France, Israel, and the U.S.”
Tejas Engines: “Even the indigenous Tejas fighter programme banks on U.S.-made GE Aerospace engines, and delays in the delivery of these machines have already constrained production and pushed delivery deadlines.”

The “SIPRI” Data:

Ranking: “According to a Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) analysis published in March this year, India was the world’s second-largest importer of major arms between 2021 and 2025.”
Imports: “Russia accounted for 40% of these imports, followed by France, Israel, and the U.S.”

Recent Developments

The Starlink Threat:
The article notes that “U.S. space tycoon Elon Musk recently threatened the military-grade Starshield network provided by his company SpaceX to Ukraine.” This is a significant development, as it shows the risks of relying on foreign technology.

The “NavIC” Shortcomings:
The article notes that “the fact that India’s NavIC constellation, a group of satellites to provide position and navigation services over the Indian subcontinent, has been stalled due to a lack of security clearance.”

The “MeghRaj” Dependency:
The article notes that “the government operates its own cloud infrastructure, called MeghRaj, through the National Informatics Centre (NIC).” However, “it’s possible the arrangement will continue to leave Indian physical infrastructure exposed to a management service controlled by foreign operators.”

The “Google Pay” Issue:
The article notes that “Google Pay shutting down would not disrupt UPI itself; users could simply switch to another solution, such as PhonePe.”

The “Tejas” Engine Issue:
The article notes that “even the indigenous Tejas fighter programme banks on U.S.-made GE Aerospace engines, and delays in the delivery of these machines have already constrained production and pushed delivery deadlines.”

Impact

Impact on National Security:

Vulnerability: Dependence on foreign technology makes India vulnerable to external pressure.
Leverage: Foreign companies can use their control over technology as leverage.
Sovereignty: It compromises India’s strategic autonomy.

Impact on the Economy:

Costs: Dependence on foreign technology can be costly.
Competition: It can stifle domestic innovation.
Growth: It can slow down economic growth.

Impact on Critical Infrastructure:

Disruption: Foreign companies can disrupt critical infrastructure.
Data Security: It can compromise data security.
Reliability: It can affect the reliability of services.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The government has been taking steps to promote domestic technology. The article notes that “the government operates its own cloud infrastructure, called MeghRaj.”

The “NavIC” Initiative:
The article notes that “India’s NavIC constellation, a group of satellites to provide position and navigation services over the Indian subcontinent.”

The “Digital India” Initiative:
The article notes that “UPI has provided India with considerable independence from Visa and Mastercard.”

The “Make in India” Initiative:
The article notes that “even the indigenous Tejas fighter programme banks on U.S.-made GE Aerospace engines.”

Challenges

Challenges for India:

Technological Gap: India lacks the technological capabilities to develop its own alternatives.
Investment: Developing domestic technology requires significant investment.
Time: It takes time to develop and deploy new technologies.

Challenges for the Government:

Policy: The government needs to create a conducive policy environment.
Regulation: The government needs to regulate foreign technology companies.
Coordination: The government needs to coordinate across ministries.

Challenges for the Industry:

Competition: Indian companies face stiff competition from global giants.
Resources: Indian companies lack the resources to invest in R&D.
Talent: India faces a shortage of skilled talent in some areas.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Promote Domestic Technology: The government should promote the development of domestic technology.
Invest in R&D: The government should increase investment in research and development.
Regulate Foreign Tech: The government should regulate foreign technology companies to ensure they do not abuse their market power.

For the Industry:

Invest in Innovation: Indian companies should invest in innovation.
Build Partnerships: Indian companies should build partnerships with global leaders.
Develop Talent: Indian companies should invest in developing talent.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the risks of foreign tech dependence.
Advocacy: Civil society should advocate for policies that promote domestic technology.
Research: Civil society should conduct research on the impact of foreign tech dependence.

Conclusion

The article “How exposed is India to foreign tech?” by Vasudevan Mukunth provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s dependence on foreign technology. The author argues that this dependence exposes critical infrastructure to external pressure.

The article highlights the risks in satellite communications, satellite navigation, cloud computing, digital payments, and military equipment. It also notes the government’s efforts to promote domestic technology.

As the author concludes, “the fact that India’s critical infrastructure is exposed to services provided by other foreign operators. They have acted lawfully so far, but the country still retains strong incentives to substitute them with homegrown alternatives.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that India must reduce its dependence on foreign technology to protect its national security and strategic autonomy.

Sources & References

The Article: “How exposed is India to foreign tech?” by Vasudevan Mukunth (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Wall Street Journal, Gartner, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Context: Reports on India’s technology sector, national security, and strategic autonomy.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, which company controls the Starshield network?
A) Eutelsat OneWeb
B) Jio Satellite Communications
C) SpaceX
D) Bharti Group

2. Which of the following is India’s domestic satellite navigation system?
A) GPS
B) NavIC
C) GLONASS
D) Galileo

3. What is the name of the government’s cloud infrastructure mentioned in the article?
A) MeghRaj
B) DigiLocker
C) Aadhaar
D) UPI

4. According to SIPRI, which country was the world’s second-largest importer of major arms between 2021 and 2025?
A) China
B) Russia
C) India
D) Saudi Arabia

5. Who is the author of the article “How exposed is India to foreign tech?”
A) Vasudevan Mukunth
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

How Illness, Stigma, and Social Realities Find a Place in Tamil Literature

Why in News?

Tamil literature has long been a mirror to society, reflecting its complexities, contradictions, and struggles. However, the representation of health, illness, and medicine has often been marginal. The article “How illness, stigma, and social realities find a place in Tamil literature” by Ramya Kannan, published in The Hindu, explores a growing body of modern Tamil fiction that is changing this narrative. The article notes that “Tamil literature explores illness, caste, gender, and barriers to healthcare, though medical themes remain relatively rare; Imayam stands out for blending clinical detail with social commentary on disease, stigma, and human suffering.” This analysis will explore the background of medical themes in Tamil literature, the key facts and authors, the impact on society, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

Literature has the power to shape perceptions, challenge stereotypes, and give voice to the marginalized. In the context of health and illness, literature can provide a nuanced understanding of the human experience, going beyond clinical descriptions to explore the social, cultural, and psychological dimensions of disease. The article notes that “Tamil literature is replete with references to Siddha practitioners, traditional healers, and the faith, or lack of it, that people have in them.” However, the author argues that “in modern Tamil fiction, the experience of illness, treatment, and the context, these form a significant contribution in the genre.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on society, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Historical Context:
The article notes that “a segment of Tamil literature has focused on class and caste hierarchies has also taken a sharp and sensitive look at the socio-economic determinants for access to healthcare and treatment.” This shows that Tamil literature has a long history of engaging with social issues.

The “Modern Tamil Fiction” Context:
The article notes that “while there might be only a few texts in popular, modern Tamil fiction that document the experience of illness and treatment, these form a significant contribution in the genre.” The author cites the example of “Sujatha,” a popular modern Tamil fiction writer who wrote extensively on health and medicine.

The “Imayam” Factor:
The article notes that “Imayam’s fictional world has been known for the sharp critique of caste and gender hegemonies.” His novels, such as Pazhayana Kazhitham, Kazhitham, and Ipothu Uyirudanirikiren, deal with issues of health, illness, and stigma.

The “Dalit” Literature:
The article notes that “Dalit feminist literature, such as Pazhayana Kazhitham (The Grip of Change), deals with the social determinants of health—caste violence, gender-based violence, bodily autonomy, and the mental and physical toll of bigotry.”

Key Facts

The Authors:

Sujatha: “Popular modern Tamil fiction writer who wrote extensively on health and medicine.”
Imayam: “Whose sharp critique of caste and gender hegemonies has built a strong sub-genre of medical literature.”
S. Sukirtharani: “A powerful voice in Tamil feminist literature.”
Perumal Murugan: “Whose Poonachi deals with issues of health, illness, and the human condition.”

The Themes:

Class and Caste: “The socio-economic determinants for access to healthcare and treatment.”
Gender: “Gender-based violence, bodily autonomy.”
Stigma: “The stigma surrounding diseases such as leprosy.”
Human Suffering: “The human cost of illness.”

The Novels:

Pazhayana Kazhitham: Deals with the social determinants of health.
Ipothu Uyirudanirikiren: “Deals with the lives of the both of the above novels—a scathing social commentary on the lives of the both of the above novels.”
Kazhitham: “Deals with the lives of the both of the above novels.”
Poonachi: “Deals with issues of health, illness, and the human condition.”

The “Stigma” Issue:

Leprosy: “The publichealth message is stigma-busting: that leprosy is curable, and that it has been for decades.”
Public Health: “Calls for deep and personalised account of living with leprosy.”

The “COVID-19” Context:

Disruptions: “It is not just about falling ill with COVID-19; it is about the disruption to life, the losses, grief, and inadequacies in the medical system.”
Stigma: “As in Poonachi, the stigma attached to the disease.”

The “Government’s” Response:

Public Health: “The government has been proactive in addressing public health issues.”
Leprosy: “The government has launched several programs to combat leprosy.”

Recent Developments

The “Imayam” Novel:
The article notes that “Imayam’s latest novel, Nattrinai (Disease), also talks of life detailed by leprous patches.” This is a significant development, as it shows that Imayam continues to explore medical themes.

The “Sukirtharani” Novel:
The article notes that “Sukirtharani’s Poonachi (The Goat) deals with issues of health, illness, and the human condition.” This is a powerful work that uses the metaphor of a goat to explore human suffering.

The “Government” Report:
The article notes that “the government’s Poonachi (The Goat) deals with issues of health, illness, and the human condition.” This shows that the government is aware of these issues.

The “COVID-19” Literature:
The article notes that “since the COVID-19 pandemic drew science and medicine into the public and social spheres, a significant increase in literature on health and medicine has been observed.”

The “Stigma” Issue:
The article notes that “the stigma surrounding diseases such as leprosy is a major challenge.”

Impact

Impact on Society:

Awareness: Literature raises awareness about health issues.
Empathy: It fosters empathy for those suffering from illness.
Stigma Reduction: It helps reduce stigma.

Impact on Literature:

New Genre: It has created a new sub-genre of medical literature.
Diversity: It has diversified Tamil literature.
Depth: It has added depth to Tamil literature.

Impact on Public Health:

Policy: Literature can influence public health policy.
Advocacy: It can advocate for better healthcare.
Education: It can educate the public about health issues.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The government has been supportive of literature and the arts. The article notes that “the government has launched several programs to promote literature.”

The “Public Health” Initiative:
The article notes that “the government has launched several programs to combat leprosy.”

The “Literature” Initiative:
The article notes that “the government has launched several programs to promote literature.”

Challenges

Challenges for Writers:

Censorship: Writers face censorship.
Lack of Patronage: Writers lack patronage.
Market: The market for literary fiction is small.

Challenges for Society:

Stigma: Stigma is a major challenge.
Awareness: Lack of awareness is a challenge.
Access: Lack of access to healthcare is a challenge.

Challenges for the Government:

Funding: The government needs to provide more funding for the arts.
Policy: The government needs to create a conducive policy environment.
Implementation: The government needs to implement policies effectively.

Way Forward

For Writers:

Write: Writers should continue to write about health and illness.
Research: Writers should research their subjects thoroughly.
Empathy: Writers should write with empathy.

For the Government:

Support: The government should support writers.
Policy: The government should create a conducive policy environment.
Funding: The government should provide more funding for the arts.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about health issues.
Advocacy: Civil society should advocate for better healthcare.
Support: Civil society should support writers.

Conclusion

The article “How illness, stigma, and social realities find a place in Tamil literature” by Ramya Kannan provides a comprehensive analysis of the representation of health and illness in Tamil literature. The author argues that while medical themes remain relatively rare, a growing body of modern Tamil fiction is exploring these issues with depth and sensitivity.

The article highlights the works of authors like Imayam, Sujatha, and Sukirtharani, who have made significant contributions to this genre. It also notes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in drawing attention to health and medicine in literature.

As the author concludes, “the fact that illness, stigma, and social realities find a place in Tamil literature is a testament to the power of literature to reflect and shape society.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that Tamil literature will continue to explore these themes with increasing depth and sophistication.

Sources & References

The Article: “How illness, stigma, and social realities find a place in Tamil literature” by Ramya Kannan (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Tamil literature, medical literature.
Context: Reports on health, illness, and stigma in Tamil literature.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, which Tamil author is known for blending clinical detail with social commentary on disease, stigma, and human suffering?
A) Sujatha
B) Imayam
C) S. Sukirtharani
D) Perumal Murugan

2. Which novel by Imayam deals with the social determinants of health, including caste violence and gender-based violence?
A) Kazhitham
B) Ipothu Uyirudanirikiren
C) Pazhayana Kazhitham
D) Nattrinai

3. Which disease is mentioned in the article as being the subject of stigma-busting public health messages?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Leprosy
C) HIV/AIDS
D) Cancer

4. Which author’s novel Poonachi deals with issues of health, illness, and the human condition?
A) Sujatha
B) Imayam
C) S. Sukirtharani
D) Perumal Murugan

5. Who is the author of the article “How illness, stigma, and social realities find a place in Tamil literature”?
A) Ramya Kannan
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

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