Crime and Punishment: Recalling Coimbatore Serial Blasts, at Centre of Parole Row

Why in News?

The Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam-led Tamil Nadu government’s decision to grant 60 days’ parole to five life convicts in the 1998 Coimbatore serial bombings has drawn the BJP’s demands for its reversal, reopening a debate shaped by decades of grief, punishment and political conflict. The article “Crime and punishment: Recalling Coimbatore serial blasts, at centre of parole row” by Arun Janardhanan, published in The Indian Express, revisits one of the most traumatic episodes in Tamil Nadu’s modern history. The attacks, which killed 58 people and targeted BJP leader L.K. Advani’s election rally, had been preceded by communal violence and policing less than three months earlier, in which 18 Muslims were killed. This analysis will explore the background of the Coimbatore blasts, the key facts surrounding the attacks and the trial, the impact on society, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The Coimbatore serial blasts of 1998 were a watershed moment in the political and social history of Tamil Nadu. The attacks were a culmination of years of communal tension, political violence, and a failure of intelligence and policing. The article notes that “the attacks, which killed 58 people and targeted BJP leader L.K. Advani’s election rally, had been preceded by communal violence and policing less than three months earlier, in which 18 Muslims were killed.” The recent decision to grant parole to five life convicts has reignited the debate over justice, punishment, and reconciliation. This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on society, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Communal Violence of 1997:
The article notes that “Coimbatore’s communal tensions had been deepening since the early 1980s. Provocative speeches by Hindu right-wing leaders, counter-mobilisation by Muslim groups, and retaliatory killings gradually hardened divisions. The Babri Masjid demolition in 1992 intensified an already dangerous atmosphere.”

The “1997” Violence:
The article notes that “On November 29, 1997, traffic constable R. Selvaraj was murdered by cadres of Al-Umma, a Islamic extremist organisation founded by S A Basha in 1993 in Coimbatore. Selvaraj’s killing triggered anger within the police ranks. Some personnel abandoned duty, creating a security vacuum in which Hindu militants attacked Muslims and their businesses.”

The “1998” Blasts:
The article notes that “On February 14, 1998, bombs exploded across Coimbatore as crowds gathered for Advani’s election meeting at R.S. Puram. His flight was delayed, and he had not reached the venue when the explosions began. The attacks extended beyond the rally’s vicinity: commercial establishments, transport facilities, a BJP election office, and the government hospital were among the places struck. Explosives were concealed in cars, two-wheelers, bags, and a pineapple cart.”

The “Al-Umma” Connection:
The article notes that “Investigators identified Al-Umma as the organisation behind the attacks, for which it was subsequently banned.”

The “DMK” Government:
The article notes that “The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)-led Tamil Nadu government under Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi had set up a one-man inquiry commission under Justice P. R. Gokulakrishnan, a former Acting Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, to investigate the communal violence in November-December 1997.”

The “Commission” Report:
The article notes that “On February 22, 1998, it was asked to examine the bombings and the circumstances preceding them. Its findings confronted different episodes and should be read separately. In an initial report tabled in November 1998, the commission justified police firing as necessary to contain violence in November-December 1997. But it faulted policemen who refused duty after Selvaraj’s murder, despite their commander’s directions, and recommended disciplinary action.”

The “Blasts” Report:
The article notes that “For the serial bombings, the commission subsequently identified retaliation for the earlier Muslim deaths as the conspiracy’s motive. Its final report in 2000 criticised the failure of intelligence that allowed Al-Umma to execute the bombings.”

The “Aftermath” of the Violence:
The article notes that “Fear persisted in Coimbatore after the streets reopened. Ahead of the November 1998 anniversary, security plans included 4,000 additional personnel, 30,000 street-lights supporting 12 existing vehicles, 17 checkposts, and 52 police pickets. Peace committees were also formed.”

The “Basha’s Parole” Issue:
The article notes that “In 2007, a special court convicted 158 people and sentenced 43, including S A Basha and Mohammed Ansari, to life imprisonment. Basha died at 84 in December 2024, having obtained parole during his final years. After Basha’s death, the lawyer Pablu Basalamaniam mentioned how Basha once told him things had spiralled beyond his control before he could stop it. Basalamaniam, who knew the Al-Umma founder, also described Basha’s remorse and his desire to see his grandchildren.”

The “Parole” Decision:
The article notes that “The Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam-led Tamil Nadu government’s decision to grant 60 days’ parole to five life convicts.”

Key Facts

The Blasts:

Date: February 14, 1998.
Location: Coimbatore.
Target: BJP leader L.K. Advani’s election rally.
Death Toll: 58.
Injuries: Over 200.

The “1997” Violence:

Date: November 29, 1997.
Trigger: Murder of traffic constable R. Selvaraj.
Death Toll: 18 Muslims.

The “Al-Umma” Organisation:

Founder: S A Basha.
Founded: 1993.
Status: Banned.

The “Commission”:

Name: Justice P. R. Gokulakrishnan Commission.
Set up by: DMK government.
Findings: “The commission justified police firing as necessary to contain violence in November-December 1997.” “For the serial bombings, the commission subsequently identified retaliation for the earlier Muslim deaths as the conspiracy’s motive.”

The “Trial” and “Conviction”:

Year: 2007.
Convicted: 158 people.
Sentenced: 43, including S A Basha and Mohammed Ansari.
Sentence: Life imprisonment.

The “Basha” Factor:

Death: December 2024.
Age: 84.
Parole: “Having obtained parole during his final years.”
Remorse: “Basha once told him things had spiralled beyond his control before he could stop it.”

The “Parole” Decision:

Government: Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam-led Tamil Nadu government.
Beneficiaries: Five life convicts.
Duration: 60 days.
Opposition: BJP demands its reversal.

Recent Developments

The “Parole” Decision:
The article notes that “the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam-led Tamil Nadu government’s decision to grant 60 days’ parole to five life convicts in the 1998 Coimbatore serial bombings has drawn the BJP’s demands for its reversal.”

The “BJP” Demand:
The article notes that “the BJP’s demands for its reversal, reopening a debate shaped by decades of grief, punishment and political conflict.”

The “Basha” Death:
The article notes that “Basha died at 84 in December 2024, having obtained parole during his final years.”

The “Remorse” Issue:
The article notes that “Basha once told him things had spiralled beyond his control before he could stop it.”

The “Political” Context:
The article notes that “the DMK-led alliance suffered in the subsequent 1998 parliamentary election, winning only nine of the state’s 39 Lok Sabha seats.”

Impact

Impact on Society:

Communal Tension: The blasts deepened communal tensions.
Fear: The violence created a climate of fear.
Trauma: The attacks caused lasting trauma.

Impact on Politics:

Polarization: The blasts deepened political polarization.
Elections: The blasts impacted the outcome of elections.
Alliances: The blasts impacted political alliances.

Impact on the Justice System:

Convictions: The trial resulted in 158 convictions.
Parole: The parole decision has raised questions about justice.
Reconciliation: The decision has sparked a debate on reconciliation.

Government’s Response

The Tamil Nadu Government’s Position:
The article notes that “the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam-led Tamil Nadu government’s decision to grant 60 days’ parole to five life convicts.”

The “BJP” Position:
The article notes that “the BJP’s demands for its reversal.”

The “DMK” Position:
The article notes that “the DMK-led alliance suffered in the subsequent 1998 parliamentary election.”

The “Commission” Findings:
The article notes that “the commission justified police firing as necessary to contain violence in November-December 1997.”

Challenges

Challenges for the Government:

Balancing Act: The government needs to balance justice and reconciliation.
Political Pressure: The government faces political pressure from the BJP.
Public Opinion: The government needs to manage public opinion.

Challenges for Society:

Communal Harmony: Maintaining communal harmony is a challenge.
Trust: Rebuilding trust is a challenge.
Justice: Ensuring justice for the victims is a challenge.

Challenges for the Justice System:

Fairness: Ensuring fairness in the parole process is a challenge.
Transparency: Ensuring transparency is a challenge.
Accountability: Ensuring accountability is a challenge.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Transparency: The government should be transparent about its parole decisions.
Dialogue: It should engage in dialogue with all stakeholders.
Reconciliation: It should work towards reconciliation.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the importance of communal harmony.
Advocacy: It should advocate for the rights of victims.
Monitoring: It should monitor the implementation of the law.

Conclusion

The article “Crime and punishment: Recalling Coimbatore serial blasts, at centre of parole row” by Arun Janardhanan provides a comprehensive analysis of the 1998 Coimbatore blasts and the recent parole decision. The author argues that the blasts were a culmination of years of communal tension and political violence.

The article highlights the findings of the Gokulakrishnan Commission, the trial and conviction of 158 people, and the recent parole decision. It also notes the impact on society and the political implications.

As the author concludes, “the attacks, which killed 58 people and targeted BJP leader L.K. Advani’s election rally, had been preceded by communal violence and policing less than three months earlier, in which 18 Muslims were killed.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the debate over justice and reconciliation will continue.

Sources & References

The Article: “Crime and punishment: Recalling Coimbatore serial blasts, at centre of parole row” by Arun Janardhanan (The Indian Express).
Data Sources: Tamil Nadu government, court records.
Context: Reports on the Coimbatore blasts, the Gokulakrishnan Commission, and the parole decision.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, on which date did the Coimbatore serial blasts occur?
A) November 29, 1997
B) February 14, 1998
C) February 22, 1998
D) December 2024

2. How many people were killed in the Coimbatore serial blasts?
A) 18
B) 43
C) 58
D) 158

3. Which organisation was identified as being behind the attacks?
A) Al-Qaeda
B) ISIS
C) Al-Umma
D) LTTE

4. Who was the founder of Al-Umma?
A) S A Basha
B) Mohammed Ansari
C) R. Selvaraj
D) P. R. Gokulakrishnan

5. Who is the author of the article “Crime and punishment: Recalling Coimbatore serial blasts, at centre of parole row”?
A) Arun Janardhanan
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

Why GenZ Won’t Forgive Punjab’s Polity

Why in News?

The acute fiscal stress confronting Punjab has mortgaged its economic future. The article “Why GenZ won’t forgive Punjab’s polity” by Manish Tewari, a Lok Sabha MP and former I&B Minister, published in The Hindu, argues that this has destroyed intergenerational equity by saddling future generations with an insurmountable debt burden and eroding the state’s fiscal autonomy. The author contends that this is a consequence of “conscious and disastrous policy choices made by the political class over the past 30 years.” As the state approaches a critical juncture, the article serves as a stark warning: the youth (GenZ) will not forgive a polity that has prioritized short-term electoral gains over long-term fiscal prudence. This analysis will explore the background of Punjab’s fiscal crisis, the key facts and data presented, the impact on the state’s economy, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

Punjab, once the prosperous “Granary of India,” is now grappling with a severe economic crisis. The state has been living beyond its means for well over a couple of decades, accumulating massive debt and eroding its fiscal autonomy. The article notes that “the political economy that produced this outcome is not a mystery.” The author argues that “fiscal policy is supposed to confer the discretion that fiscal policy is supposed to confer… but the state has been living beyond its means for well over a couple of decades.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on the state’s economy, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The “Debt” Trap:
The article notes that “outstanding liabilities are projected to reach Rs 4,47,754 crore by March 2027, roughly 45% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).” This is a staggering figure, indicating that the state is deeply in debt.

The “Fiscal Autonomy” Issue:
The article notes that “a ratio that has stubbornly hovered between 43% and 48% despite nominal growth in GSDP.” This shows that the state’s fiscal autonomy has been eroded over time.

The “CAG” Report:
The article notes that “the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has flagged off-budget borrowings of Rs 4,092 crore raised through public sector undertakings and parastatals as of March 2024.” This is a major concern, as off-budget borrowings are often used to hide the true extent of a state’s debt.

The “Committed Expenditure” Issue:
The article notes that “the committed expenditure (salaries, pensions and interest) averaged around 78% of the revenue receipts between 2019 and 2024, rising to 80% in 2023-24.” This means that the state has very little room for discretionary spending.

The “Power Subsidy” Issue:
The article notes that “freebies, particularly power subsidies that absorb around 20% of the revenue receipts (making it the highest subsidy-to-revenue ratio among all states), have become a symbol of a governing model that treats the treasury as a patronage instrument rather than a development instrument.”

The “Leadership” Issue:
The article notes that “the incoming government in March 2027 will inherit a budget in which the first charge on revenue is not its own manifesto but the accumulated claims of its predecessor governments.”

Key Facts

The “Debt” Data:

Outstanding Liabilities: Rs 4,47,754 crore by March 2027.
Percentage of GSDP: 45%.
Debt-Service: “Debt servicing alone is estimated at over Rs 42,000 crore in 2026-27.”
Interest Payments: “With interest payments consuming 20-25% of the revenue receipts.”

The “Fiscal” Data:

Revenue Deficit: “Widened from Rs 7,311 crore in 2016-17 to Rs 27,007 crore in 2025-26 (revised estimates).”
Fiscal Deficit: “At Rs 39,971 crore (4.1% of GSDP).”
Committed Expenditure: “Averaged around 78% of the revenue receipts between 2019 and 2024, rising to 80% in 2023-24.”
Power Subsidy: “Absorb around 20% of the revenue receipts.”

The “CAG” Data:

Off-Budget Borrowings: Rs 4,092 crore.
Liabilities: “Liabilities that do not flow through the consolidated fund but must still be serviced from the budget.”

The “Economy” Data:

GSDP Growth: “Nominal GSDP growth exceeds the effective interest rate.”
Primary Deficit: “The primary deficit is reduced considerably.”

The “Sectoral” Data:

North Zone: “Pathankot and Gurdaspur) could specialise in defence and aerospace components.”
Central Zone: “Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Kapurthala) must be encouraged to move up the value chain.”
South-West Zone: “Bathinda, Mansa and Farozepur) can become the agro-processing capital.”
East Zone: “Mohali, Patiala and Sangrur) should be a niche hub for AI, software, biotechnology, medical technology and semiconductor design.”

Recent Developments

The “Debt” Crisis:
The article notes that “the acute fiscal stress confronting Punjab has mortgaged its economic future.”

The “CAG” Report:
The article notes that “the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has flagged off-budget borrowings of Rs 4,092 crore.”

The “Power Subsidy” Issue:
The article notes that “freebies, particularly power subsidies that absorb around 20% of the revenue receipts.”

The “Incoming Government” Issue:
The article notes that “the incoming government in March 2027 will inherit a budget in which the first charge on revenue is not its own manifesto but the accumulated claims of its predecessor governments.”

The “Sectoral” Strategy:
The article notes that “Punjab must reinvent itself as an advanced agri-industrial state.”

Impact

Impact on the Economy:

Debt Burden: The debt burden is stifling economic growth.
Fiscal Autonomy: The state’s fiscal autonomy has been eroded.
Investment: The fiscal crisis is deterring investment.

Impact on Society:

Generational Equity: The crisis has destroyed intergenerational equity.
Youth: The youth are bearing the burden of the debt.
Trust: The crisis has eroded trust in the political class.

Impact on Politics:

Polarization: The crisis is deepening political polarization.
Elections: The crisis will impact the outcome of future elections.
Leadership: The crisis is testing the leadership of the state.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The article notes that “the incoming government in March 2027 will inherit a budget in which the first charge on revenue is not its own manifesto but the accumulated claims of its predecessor governments.”

The “Fiscal” Responsibility:
The article notes that “the state needs a multi-partisan fiscal consensus, a 1991 moment, to reduce the revenue deficit.”

The “Revenue” Deficit:
The article notes that “the revenue deficit has widened from Rs 7,311 crore in 2016-17 to Rs 27,007 crore in 2025-26 (revised estimates).”

The “Fiscal” Deficit:
The article notes that “the fiscal deficit for 2026-27 is budgeted at Rs 39,971 crore (4.1% of GSDP).”

Challenges

Challenges for the Government:

Debt: The government needs to reduce the debt burden.
Deficit: The government needs to reduce the fiscal deficit.
Growth: The government needs to boost economic growth.

Challenges for Society:

Unemployment: High youth unemployment is a major challenge.
Inequality: Inequality is a major challenge.
Trust: Rebuilding trust is a challenge.

Challenges for the Economy:

Investment: Attracting investment is a challenge.
Competition: Competing with other states is a challenge.
Infrastructure: Building infrastructure is a challenge.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Fiscal Prudence: The government should adopt a policy of fiscal prudence.
Sectoral Strategy: It should develop a sectoral strategy for economic growth.
Political Consensus: It should build a multi-partisan fiscal consensus.

For the Private Sector:

Investment: The private sector should invest in Punjab.
Innovation: It should innovate to improve productivity.
Partnerships: It should build partnerships with the government.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the fiscal crisis.
Advocacy: It should advocate for fiscal responsibility.
Monitoring: It should monitor the implementation of fiscal reforms.

Conclusion

The article “Why GenZ won’t forgive Punjab’s polity” by Manish Tewari provides a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal crisis in Punjab. The author argues that the state has been living beyond its means for decades, accumulating massive debt and eroding its fiscal autonomy.

The article highlights the need for the government to adopt a policy of fiscal prudence, develop a sectoral strategy for economic growth, and build a multi-partisan fiscal consensus. It also notes the challenges facing the state, including high unemployment and inequality.

As the author concludes, “the debt trajectory can be stabilised if nominal GSDP growth exceeds the effective interest rate and the primary deficit is reduced considerably, but the arithmetic only works if the political class accepts the discipline of a rule that binds successors as well as incumbents.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that Punjab’s future will depend on its ability to address its fiscal crisis.

Sources & References

The Article: “Why GenZ won’t forgive Punjab’s polity” by Manish Tewari (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), State Finance Commission.
Context: Reports on Punjab’s fiscal crisis and economic development.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, what is the projected outstanding liability of Punjab by March 2027?
A) Rs 1,00,000 crore
B) Rs 2,50,000 crore
C) Rs 4,47,754 crore
D) Rs 5,00,000 crore

2. What percentage of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is the outstanding liability projected to be?
A) 30%
B) 35%
C) 45%
D) 50%

3. According to the CAG report, how much off-budget borrowing was raised by Punjab as of March 2024?
A) Rs 1,000 crore
B) Rs 4,092 crore
C) Rs 10,000 crore
D) Rs 27,007 crore

4. What is the fiscal deficit for 2026-27 budgeted at?
A) Rs 39,971 crore
B) Rs 50,000 crore
C) Rs 60,000 crore
D) Rs 70,000 crore

5. Who is the author of the article “Why GenZ won’t forgive Punjab’s polity”?
A) Manish Tewari
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

A Slice of Cake, a Celebration of Life

Why in News?

In a world often dominated by fast-paced news cycles, geopolitical tensions, and economic crises, a reflective essay by Rajbir Deswal in The Hindu serves as a gentle reminder of the enduring human need for connection and recognition. The article “A slice of cake, a celebration of life” is not a news report in the traditional sense; rather, it is a poignant commentary on the human condition, exploring how birthdays evolve from childhood excitement to markers of existence and, ultimately, to desperate pleas for remembrance in old age. The article strikes a chord in contemporary society, particularly as the world grapples with an epidemic of loneliness and the marginalization of the elderly, making the celebration of life a vital act of social cohesion.

Introduction

The article opens with a profound observation: “The older we grow, the more deeply we wish to be remembered.” This simple statement captures the essence of the human experience. As the author reflects on the passage of time, he notes that “a birthday that seems ordinary to the young slowly becomes a tender reminder that we are still here, still worthy of a little fuss and affection.” This analysis will explore the themes presented in the article, including the cultural significance of birthdays, the role of community in celebrating the elderly, the impact of loneliness, and the philosophical understanding of a life lived. It will delve into the anecdotal evidence provided by the author—from his grandfather’s village celebrations to a lonely golf club veteran—to illustrate the broader societal challenges of aging and the universal desire to matter.

Background

The Cultural Context of Birthdays:
The article begins by contrasting the perception of birthdays across generations. To the young, it is “ordinary,” but to the old, it is a “tender reminder.” The author’s grandfather, born on ‘Teej’ according to the lunar calendar, is used to illustrate the traditional Indian village context where celebration was tied to the seasons and the community. The act of feeding the elderly villagers is described not just as charity, but as “sharing—happiness found its true flavour only when others partook of it.” This highlights the communal nature of existence in traditional societies, where an individual’s milestone is shared by the collective.

The “Jawaharlal Nehru” Anecdote:
A humorous yet insightful anecdote is shared about a “mischievous relative” teasing the grandfather about considering himself a “Nehru” due to the elaborate celebration. The grandfather’s “simple-hearted villagers” rushed to his defense. The author notes, “Beneath the innocent banter lay a beautiful truth: one need not be a national icon to matter to one’s own people.” This reinforces the idea that self-worth and recognition are derived from one’s immediate community, not just national or global fame.

The Aging Process:
The author shifts to a poignant story about a 69-year-old widower at a golf club. The contrast between the lively club and the veteran’s personal reality is stark. “He had lost his wife; his children were settled in the UK. Though it was tough for him to walk, he came to the course every day, driving his cart with his chosen few.” The club becomes a “refuge” and a “defence against loneliness.” The celebration organized by the author and his friends, involving a cake and a “gathering the children,” was an attempt to fill the void left by his family. The veteran’s reaction—”eerily urged… eager to hurry up the celebration”—reveals a desperate need for human connection.

The “Joint Birthday Party”:
The narrative shifts to a “US summer” where the author attended a “joint 80th birthday party” in the US. The experience was “a surprise for the couple.” The party was “not a grand affair,” but the “triumph” was in the “gratitude for their children’s thoughtfulness.” This section highlights the universality of the need for celebration across cultures, even in the Western context, where family ties are sometimes perceived as looser.

Key Facts

The Author’s Grandfather:

Birthday: Born on ‘Teej’ (lunar calendar).
Celebration: Feeds elderly villagers.
Philosophy: “Happiness found its true flavour only when others partook of it.”
Anecdote: Teased for celebrating like “Nehru,” defended by villagers who said “one need not be a national icon to matter to one’s own people.”

The Golf Club Veteran:

Age: 69.
Status: Widower, children settled in the UK.
Challenge: Hard to walk, but comes to the club every day.
Support: The club is his “refuge,” his “defence against loneliness.”
Reaction: “Even those who just happened to be around were earnestly urged, ‘Please have a slice’.” He was “eager to hurry up the celebration.”

The US Celebration:

Event: Joint 80th birthday party.
Location: US.
Nature: Surprise for the couple.
Guests: “Nearly 80 guests assembled for them.”
Outcome: “Gratitude for their children’s thoughtfulness.”

The Core Philosophy:

Aging: “Ultimately, birthdays in old age are less about adding a year than about affirming that a life still matters.”
Dementia: “Even when dementia has dimmed a memory, a faint, fleeting smile can illuminate a room.”
Value: “No wealth can purchase that smile. Sometimes, all that an ageing heart asks is that someone remember the date, pull up a chair, cut a cake and say, ‘We are glad you are here’.”

Recent Developments

The “Loneliness” Epidemic:
The article’s themes resonate strongly with recent global health discussions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared loneliness a pressing health threat, comparing its mortality impact to smoking 15 cigarettes a day. The veteran’s story at the golf club is a microcosm of this global crisis. The “absence of his wife and children was palpable,” and the “loneliness sometimes seeks company, and sometimes wishes to be left alone with its memories.”

The “Elderly Care” Crisis:
The article highlights the shifting dynamics of elderly care. In the grandfather’s time, the village was the support system. In the veteran’s case, the children are in the UK, and the “club is his refuge.” In the US case, the children organized the party, but the “presence” was likely intermittent. This reflects the broader trend of nuclear families and migration, which often leave the elderly isolated.

The “Mental Health” Connection:
The article notes the power of celebration for mental health. “A faint, fleeting smile can illuminate a room.” This is particularly relevant in the context of dementia care, where emotional connection often transcends memory. The act of celebration—the “slice of cake”—is presented as a therapeutic act of validation.

The “Cultural” Shift:
The article contrasts the “village” celebration of the grandfather with the “club” celebration of the veteran and the “party” celebration in the US. While the forms differ, the underlying need remains the same: to be remembered. The “tender reminder that we are still here” is a universal human need.

Impact

Impact on the Individual:

Validation: Birthdays validate existence. The “tender reminder” that one is “still here” is crucial for self-worth.
Connection: Celebrations foster connection. The veteran’s “eagerness” to share cake shows a desire to connect with others.
Joy: The “faint, fleeting smile” is a moment of joy. The “slice of cake” is a symbol of this joy.

Impact on the Family:

Bonding: Celebrations strengthen family bonds. The “gratitude for their children’s thoughtfulness” shows the importance of family involvement.
Duty: The children’s organization of the US party reflects a sense of duty and love.
Memory: The party creates memories for the family, even if the elderly person may not remember it.

Impact on Society:

Inclusion: Celebrations promote inclusion. The grandfather feeding the villagers is an act of social inclusion.
Cohesion: The “joint party” brings people together, fostering social cohesion.
Awareness: The article raises awareness about the loneliness of the elderly, prompting society to act.

Government’s Response

The “Elderly Welfare” Policies:
The article does not explicitly mention government policies, but the themes relate to the need for robust social security and elderly care policies. The “village” support system for the grandfather is a form of informal social security. The “club” is a private support system. The “government” needs to provide a safety net for those without these supports.

The “Mental Health” Initiatives:
The article’s focus on the “smile” and “memory” connects to mental health initiatives. Governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of social connection for mental well-being, particularly for the elderly.

The “Community” Programs:
The “village” model of the grandfather suggests the need for community-based programs that bring generations together. The “club” model suggests the need for public spaces where the elderly can gather.

Challenges

Challenges for the Elderly:

Loneliness: The biggest challenge is loneliness. The veteran’s “defence against loneliness” is a constant struggle.
Health: The veteran’s “hard to walk” condition is a challenge. The “dementia” mentioned in the article is a challenge.
Marginalization: The elderly are often marginalized in society. The article’s call to “say ‘We are glad you are here'” is a challenge to this marginalization.

Challenges for the Family:

Distance: The “children were settled in the UK” is a challenge. Physical distance makes it hard to care for the elderly.
Time: The “busy lives” of the young make it hard to spend time with the elderly.
Resources: The cost of care is a challenge for many families.

Challenges for Society:

Awareness: Society needs to be more aware of the needs of the elderly. The article’s anecdote about the “surprise party” is a positive example, but it is not the norm.
Infrastructure: Society needs infrastructure to support the elderly, such as community centers and accessible public spaces.
Culture: Society needs a cultural shift that values the elderly and recognizes their contributions.

Way Forward

For the Individual:

Reach Out: Individuals should reach out to the elderly in their lives. A phone call, a visit, or a “slice of cake” can make a difference.
Remember: Remembering a birthday is a small but powerful act. The “tender reminder” is a gift.
Be Present: Presence is more important than presents. The “pull up a chair” is a call for presence.

For the Family:

Prioritize: Families should prioritize time with the elderly. The “children’s thoughtfulness” in the US party is a model to follow.
Include: Include the elderly in family celebrations. The “joint party” is a good example.
Communicate: Communication is key. The veteran’s “absence of his wife and children was palpable,” highlighting the need for regular communication.

For the Society:

Community Programs: Society should create community programs that bring generations together. The “village” model is an inspiration.
Support Systems: Society should build support systems for the elderly, such as clubs and community centers.
Education: Society should educate people about the challenges of aging and the importance of social connection.

Conclusion

The article “A slice of cake, a celebration of life” by Rajbir Deswal is a beautifully written reminder of what truly matters in life. Through the stories of his grandfather, the golf club veteran, and the US party, the author illustrates that the human need for recognition and connection is universal and timeless.

The author argues that “ultimately, birthdays in old age are less about adding a year than about affirming that a life still matters.” This is the core message. The “slice of cake” is not just a dessert; it is a symbol of love, respect, and the celebration of life itself.

As the author concludes, “If that happens, even for a moment, a life has celebrated itself.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that as society ages, the need for these moments of celebration will only grow. It is a call to action for all of us to remember, to reach out, and to say, “We are glad you are here.”

Sources & References

The Article: “A slice of cake, a celebration of life” by Rajbir Deswal (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Personal anecdotes, cultural observations.
Context: Reports on aging, loneliness, and social connection.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, on which festival was the author’s grandfather born?
A) Diwali
B) Holi
C) Teej
D) Eid

2. What did the author’s grandfather do on his birthday?
A) Feeds elderly villagers
B) Goes to the temple
C) Buys new clothes
D) Visits relatives

3. How old was the veteran at the golf club when the author met him?
A) 60
B) 65
C) 69
D) 80

4. Where were the veteran’s children settled?
A) USA
B) UK
C) Canada
D) Australia

5. Who is the author of the article “A slice of cake, a celebration of life”?
A) Rajbir Deswal
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

Harvey Slocum, Master Builder of Bhakra Dam

Why in News?

The article “Harvey Slocum, master builder of Bhakra Dam” by R.K. Malhotra, former Chief Engineer at Bhakra Dam, published in The Hindu, serves as a historical retrospective on one of India’s most iconic infrastructure projects. The Bhakra Dam was dedicated to the nation by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on October 22, 1963. Built across the Sutlej river, this majestic structure stands 225.55 metres high and is the highest straight-gravity concrete dam in Asia. Nehru aptly described it as a “modern temple of resurgent India.” The article highlights the crucial, yet often underappreciated, role of Harvey Slocum, an American engineer who was recruited to ensure the successful completion of this challenging project. This analysis will explore the background of the Bhakra Dam project, the key facts surrounding Slocum’s leadership, the impact on India’s development, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The Bhakra Dam is not just an engineering marvel; it is a symbol of India’s post-independence aspirations. The article notes that “constructing a concrete dam of such magnitude, involving extensive mechanisation and specialised expertise, was an enormous challenge for India’s engineers at the time.” The government made the strategic decision to engage Harvey Slocum, “an American reputed to be among the world’s finest dam builders.” The article provides a first-hand account of Slocum’s leadership style, his discipline, his foresight, and his concern for workers, which helped shape a “culture of excellence.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on India’s economy, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Bhakra Dam Project:
The article notes that “the world-famous Bhakra Dam was dedicated to the nation by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on October 22, 1963. Built across the Sutlej river, this majestic structure stands 225.55 metres high and is the highest straight-gravity concrete dam in Asia.” The dam was built with the vision of providing hydroelectric power and flood control, while also spurring the Green Revolution, putting India on the road to food self-sufficiency.

The “Slocum” Appointment:
The article notes that “Slocum was 64 when he began his assignment in April 1952. The task was formidable. Construction facilities had to be planned, equipment procured and installed, and arrangements made for drilling, blasting, rock excavation, grouting and transporting millions of tonnes of sand, aggregate and cement.” This was a massive undertaking, and Slocum was brought in to provide the necessary expertise.

The “Engineering” Challenges:
The article notes that “screening and high-capacity concrete-mixing plants, cranes, warehouses, a hospital and other essential facilities also had to be established. With a small team of foreign specialists, Slocum tackled these challenges with the precision of a field commander.” This shows the scale and complexity of the project.

The “Leadership” Style:
The article notes that “he transformed the engineers and workers into a disciplined, cohesive workforce, emphasising punctuality, teamwork and practical fieldwork. Engineers were expected to abandon formal attire and ties in favour of khaki work clothes.” This hands-on approach was key to his success.

The “Safety” Issue:
The article notes that “safety was equally important to him. At a meeting in his site office, he urged executive engineers to act as ‘brother-keepers’ of their workers, particularly when assigning jobs on steep slopes, and to ensure that all necessary precautions were taken.”

The “Workers” Welfare:
The article notes that “although Slocum commanded respect and awe, he was deeply humane. He arranged for about 60 double-walled aluminium water containers to be installed at worksites and site offices. Tankers regularly filled them with treated drinking water, while ice placed in the space between their walls kept the water cool during summer. Workers and engineers alike valued this thoughtful provision.”

Key Facts

The Bhakra Dam:

Dedication Date: October 22, 1963.
Prime Minister: Jawaharlal Nehru.
River: Sutlej.
Height: 225.55 metres.
Significance: “Highest straight-gravity concrete dam in Asia.”

Harvey Slocum:

Age: 64 when he began his assignment in April 1952.
Nationality: American.
Role: Executive engineer.
Leadership: “Discipline, foresight, resourcefulness, concern for workers and appreciation of merit.”
Quote: “Look, I have earned my day’s wages.”

The “Construction” Process:

Shifts: “Three shifts: 8 am to 4 pm, 4 pm to midnight, and midnight to 8 am.”
Punctuality: “Workers and engineers had to reach their workplaces 30 minutes before each shift.”
Diesel Locomotives: “When Slocum noticed that steam locomotives frequently delayed workers’ trains, he arranged for two diesel locomotives to be procured urgently.”

The “Diversion” Tunnel:

Challenge: “Slocum asked me to complete the work within 20 days.”
Completion: “We worked round the clock and finished it in 16 days.”
Reward: “The following evening, a messenger delivered a gift from Slocum with a note reading, ‘Well done, RK. Herewith is a small gift from me.’ I was overjoyed. His gesture greatly encouraged me.”

The “Safety” Measures:

Water Supply: “He arranged for about 60 double-walled aluminium water containers.”
Ice: “Ice placed in the space between their walls kept the water cool during summer.”
Treated Water: “Tankers regularly filled them with treated drinking water.”

Recent Developments

The “Legacy” of Slocum:
The article notes that “Slocum’s discipline, foresight, resourcefulness, concern for workers and appreciation of merit helped shape a culture of excellence. He will be remembered for his monumental role in building one of modern India’s greatest engineering achievements.”

The “Bhakra Dam” Today:
The article notes that “the Bhakra Dam was dedicated to the nation by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on October 22, 1963.”

The “Green Revolution”:
The article notes that “the dam subsequently became instrumental in spurring the Green Revolution, putting India on the road to food self-sufficiency while providing hydroelectric power and flood-control benefits.”

The “Engineering” Culture:
The article notes that “Slocum’s discipline, foresight, resourcefulness, concern for workers and appreciation of merit helped shape a culture of excellence.”

The “Safety” Record:
The article notes that “Slocum feared two things: the ‘fury of water’ and the ‘fury of fire’.” He took steps to mitigate these risks.

Impact

Impact on India’s Economy:

Agriculture: The dam provided irrigation water, which helped spur the Green Revolution.
Power: It provided hydroelectric power, which fueled industrial growth.
Flood Control: It provided flood control, protecting lives and property.

Impact on India’s Engineering:

Expertise: The project helped build India’s engineering expertise.
Culture: Slocum helped shape a “culture of excellence.”
Infrastructure: The dam became a model for future infrastructure projects.

Impact on India’s Society:

Food Security: The dam contributed to India’s food security.
Development: It contributed to India’s overall development.
Symbolism: It became a symbol of India’s modernization.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The article notes that “the government made the strategic decision to engage Harvey Slocum.”

The “Nehru” Vision:
The article notes that “Nehru aptly described it as a ‘modern temple of resurgent India’.”

The “Engineering” Support:
The article notes that “the government provided the necessary resources and support for the project.”

The “Recognition” Issue:
The article notes that “Slocum appreciated initiative and rewarded good performance.”

Challenges

Challenges in Construction:

Scale: The project was massive in scale.
Complexity: The project was technically complex.
Logistics: Transporting materials was a challenge.

Challenges for Slocum:

Leadership: Leading a large workforce was a challenge.
Safety: Ensuring safety was a challenge.
Punctuality: Enforcing punctuality was a challenge.

Challenges for India:

Expertise: India lacked the necessary expertise.
Resources: India lacked the necessary resources.
Technology: India lacked the necessary technology.

Way Forward

For India:

Invest in Infrastructure: India should continue to invest in infrastructure.
Learn from History: India should learn from the success of the Bhakra Dam.
Develop Expertise: India should develop its own engineering expertise.

For Engineers:

Discipline: Engineers should be disciplined.
Foresight: They should have foresight.
Concern for Workers: They should have concern for workers.

For Policymakers:

Strategic Vision: Policymakers should have a strategic vision.
Expertise: They should seek expertise where necessary.
Support: They should support large infrastructure projects.

Conclusion

The article “Harvey Slocum, master builder of Bhakra Dam” by R.K. Malhotra provides a comprehensive analysis of the life and legacy of Harvey Slocum. The author argues that Slocum’s leadership, discipline, and concern for workers were key to the success of the Bhakra Dam project.

The article highlights the scale and complexity of the project, the challenges faced, and the impact on India’s development. It also notes the importance of Slocum’s legacy for future generations of engineers.

As the author concludes, “Slocum’s discipline, foresight, resourcefulness, concern for workers and appreciation of merit helped shape a culture of excellence.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the Bhakra Dam will continue to be a symbol of India’s engineering prowess.

Sources & References

The Article: “Harvey Slocum, master builder of Bhakra Dam” by R.K. Malhotra (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Personal anecdotes, historical records.
Context: Reports on the Bhakra Dam project and India’s infrastructure development.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, on which date was the Bhakra Dam dedicated to the nation?
A) October 22, 1963
B) August 15, 1947
C) January 26, 1950
D) November 14, 1960

2. Who was the Prime Minister of India when the Bhakra Dam was dedicated?
A) Sardar Patel
B) Jawaharlal Nehru
C) Lal Bahadur Shastri
D) Indira Gandhi

3. How high is the Bhakra Dam?
A) 100 metres
B) 150 metres
C) 200 metres
D) 225.55 metres

4. Who was the American engineer who served as the master builder of the Bhakra Dam?
A) Harvey Slocum
B) Robert Smith
C) John Doe
D) David Brown

5. Who is the author of the article “Harvey Slocum, master builder of Bhakra Dam”?
A) R.K. Malhotra
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

Playing with Yamuna

Why in News?

The notification of the Master Plan for Delhi 2047 has renewed a fierce debate over the protection of the Yamuna floodplain. The article “Playing with Yamuna” by Shiv Singh Rawat, former Superintending Engineer of the Haryana Irrigation & Water Resources Department, published in The Hindu, critiques the plan’s approach to zoning the river’s floodplain. The division of the floodplain into O-I (the inner floodplain) and O-II (the outer zone) has been retained in the new plan. The author argues that “the central concern is whether administrative boundaries risk fragmenting a natural system to accommodate urban development.” This analysis will explore the background of the Yamuna’s degradation, the key facts surrounding the Master Plan, the legal and environmental implications, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The Yamuna, a river sacred to millions, is one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Its floodplain, the land adjoining the river, is vital to Delhi’s flood safety and water security. The article notes that “the Yamuna floodplain, the land adjoining it that forms part of its wider hydrological and ecological system, is vital to Delhi’s flood safety and water security. Its extent depends on topography, historical floods, discharge, sediment movement, natural drainage, wetlands and groundwater interactions—not merely the visible river channel or administrative boundaries.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact of the Master Plan on the river’s ecology, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The Yamuna Floodplain:
The article notes that “the Yamuna floodplain, the land adjoining it that forms part of its wider hydrological and ecological system, is vital to Delhi’s flood safety and water security.”

The “Zoning” Issue:
The article notes that “the division of the floodplain into O-I, the inner floodplain, and O-II, the outer zone, has been retained.” This zoning is based on administrative boundaries rather than the river’s natural functions.

The “National Mission for Clean Ganga” (NMCG):
The article notes that “the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) framework underlines the need to reconcile Delhi’s planning framework with environmental obligations and hydrological evidence.” This framework is meant to guide the rejuvenation of the river.

The “O-I” Zone:
The article notes that “the O-I is subject to stronger restrictions, while certain regulated recreational uses are contemplated in O-II. However, recreational designation does not automatically ensure ecological compatibility.”

The “O-I/O-II” Division:
The article notes that “the O-I/O-II division warrants scientific reassessment before it becomes the basis for irreversible land-use changes.”

The “Supreme Court” Scrutiny:
The article notes that “the Supreme Court’s scrutiny of the relationship between Delhi’s master plan and the NMCG-related framework has raised questions concerning demarcation, encroachment and rehabilitation.”

The “Environmental” Laws:
The article notes that “the Constitutional provisions under Article 21 protects the right to a healthy environment, while Articles 48A and 51A(g) mandate environmental protection by the State and citizens.”

The “Public Trust” Doctrine:
The article notes that “the Public Trust Doctrine, recognised in M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997), requires safeguarding rivers and water bodies.”

The “Precautionary” Principle:
The article notes that “the precautionary principle, recognised in Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum (1996), demands science-based planning, cumulative-impact assessment and safeguards against irreversible ecological damage and flood risks.”

Key Facts

The Master Plan for Delhi 2047:

Notification: The Master Plan for Delhi 2047 has been notified.
Zoning: The floodplain is divided into O-I (inner) and O-II (outer).
O-I: “Subject to stronger restrictions.”
O-II: “Certain regulated recreational uses are contemplated.”

The “Floodplain” Functions:

Flood Safety: Vital to Delhi’s flood safety.
Water Security: Vital to Delhi’s water security.
Hydrology: “Its extent depends on topography, historical floods, discharge, sediment movement, natural drainage, wetlands and groundwater interactions.”

The “Legal” Framework:

Article 21: “Protects the right to a healthy environment.”
Article 48A: “Mandates environmental protection by the State.”
Article 51A(g): “Mandates environmental protection by citizens.”
Public Trust Doctrine: “Requires safeguarding rivers and water bodies.”
Precautionary Principle: “Demands science-based planning, cumulative-impact assessment and safeguards against irreversible ecological damage and flood risks.”

The “Supreme Court” Scrutiny:

Issue: “The relationship between Delhi’s master plan and the NMCG-related framework.”
Questions: “Demarcation, encroachment and rehabilitation.”
Interpretation: “This scrutiny should not be interpreted as a final ruling invalidating every aspect of the Master Plan.”

The “Recommendations”:

Scientific Assessment: “Delhi should undertake a transparent scientific assessment integrating flood-return-period maps, historical inundation, hydraulic modelling, wetlands, paleo-channels, groundwater-recharge areas, natural drainage and ecological habitats.”
Integration: “Floodplain protection must also be integrated with sewage treatment, pollution control, environmental flows and wetland restoration.”
Guidance: “The guiding principle must be to delineate the entire functional floodplain first, determine the protection required and permit only activities compatible with the river’s hydrological and ecological integrity.”

Recent Developments

The “Master Plan” Notification:
The article notes that “the notification of the Master Plan for Delhi 2047 has renewed debate over Yamuna floodplain protection.”

The “Zoning” Issue:
The article notes that “the division of the floodplain into O-I, the inner floodplain, and O-II, the outer zone, has been retained.”

The “NMCG” Framework:
The article notes that “the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) framework underlines the need to reconcile Delhi’s planning framework with environmental obligations and hydrological evidence.”

The “Legal” Framework:
The article notes that “the Constitutional provisions under Article 21 protects the right to a healthy environment, while Articles 48A and 51A(g) mandate environmental protection by the State and citizens.”

Impact

Impact on the Yamuna River:

Pollution: The river is one of the most polluted in the world.
Encroachment: The floodplain is being encroached upon.
Flow: The river’s flow is diminishing.

Impact on Delhi:

Flood Risk: The city is at risk of flooding.
Water Security: The city’s water security is at risk.
Health: The pollution is affecting public health.

Impact on the Environment:

Ecology: The river’s ecology is being destroyed.
Biodiversity: The river’s biodiversity is being lost.
Climate: The river’s degradation is contributing to climate change.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The article notes that “the government and the NGT should ensure that floodplain classification reflects the Yamuna’s actual functioning and applicable environmental obligations.”

The “NMCG” Role:
The article notes that “the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) framework underlines the need to reconcile Delhi’s planning framework with environmental obligations and hydrological evidence.”

The “Supreme Court” Role:
The article notes that “the Supreme Court’s scrutiny of the relationship between Delhi’s master plan and the NMCG-related framework has raised questions concerning demarcation, encroachment and rehabilitation.”

Challenges

Challenges in Implementation:

Administrative Boundaries: The biggest challenge is the fragmentation of the river’s natural system by administrative boundaries.
Political Will: There is a lack of political will to protect the river.
Encroachment: The floodplain is being encroached upon by powerful interests.

Challenges for the River:

Pollution: The river is heavily polluted.
Flow: The river’s flow is diminishing.
Ecology: The river’s ecology is being destroyed.

Challenges for the Government:

Balancing Interests: The government needs to balance the interests of development and conservation.
Regulation: The government needs to regulate encroachment.
Enforcement: The government needs to enforce environmental laws.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Scientific Assessment: The government should undertake a transparent scientific assessment of the floodplain.
Integration: It should integrate floodplain protection with sewage treatment, pollution control, and wetland restoration.
Delineation: It should delineate the entire functional floodplain first.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the importance of the Yamuna.
Advocacy: It should advocate for the protection of the river.
Monitoring: It should monitor the implementation of environmental laws.

For the Judiciary:

Enforcement: The judiciary should enforce environmental laws.
Accountability: It should hold the government accountable.
Protection: It should protect the rights of the river.

Conclusion

The article “Playing with Yamuna” by Shiv Singh Rawat provides a comprehensive analysis of the Master Plan for Delhi 2047 and its implications for the Yamuna floodplain. The author argues that the division of the floodplain into administrative zones risks fragmenting a natural system.

The article highlights the need for a transparent scientific assessment, integration of floodplain protection with other environmental measures, and a guiding principle that delineates the entire functional floodplain first. It also notes the challenges facing the river, including pollution, encroachment, and diminishing flow.

As the author concludes, “a river cannot be protected by dividing its natural functions along administrative lines.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the Yamuna’s survival depends on a holistic and scientifically-backed approach to its conservation.

Sources & References

The Article: “Playing with Yamuna” by Shiv Singh Rawat (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Master Plan for Delhi 2047, National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG).
Context: Reports on the Yamuna river, pollution, and floodplain protection.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, what is the name of the new Master Plan for Delhi?
A) Master Plan for Delhi 2021
B) Master Plan for Delhi 2041
C) Master Plan for Delhi 2047
D) Master Plan for Delhi 2050

2. Which river’s floodplain is the subject of the article?
A) Ganga
B) Yamuna
C) Sutlej
D) Brahmaputra

3. According to the article, which articles of the Constitution mandate environmental protection?
A) Article 21, 48A, and 51A(g)
B) Article 14 and 19
C) Article 32 and 226
D) Article 15 and 16

4. Which doctrine is mentioned in the article as requiring the safeguarding of rivers and water bodies?
A) The Public Trust Doctrine
B) The Precautionary Principle
C) The Polluter Pays Principle
D) The Sustainable Development Principle

5. Who is the author of the article “Playing with Yamuna”?
A) Shiv Singh Rawat
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

The Problem in France

Why in News?

Hundreds of thousands of young people have taken to the streets in France to protest against the state of the country’s education system. The violence that erupted on October 17 should not eclipse their concerns, which are entirely legitimate: the deplorable conditions at many French schools, including dilapidated buildings, a lack of teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and long school days. The article “The problem in France” by Gabriela Ramos, former Assistant Director General at UNESCO and current UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Social and Human Sciences, published in The Hindu, analyzes the root causes of this crisis. The author argues that the protesters are also deeply opposed to Parcoursup, the country’s university-admissions platform, which has become the lightning rod for their grievances. This analysis will explore the background of the French education system, the key facts surrounding the protests, the impact on social mobility, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The French education system has long been admired for its rigor and its role in producing a high-quality elite. However, in recent years, it has come under increasing scrutiny for its failure to address structural inequalities. The article notes that “the country has focused on producing a high-quality elite, with little attention to inclusion or representation. As a result, two-thirds of students at grandes écoles, France’s most selective higher education institutions, come from highly advantaged backgrounds.” The recent protests are a manifestation of this deep-seated discontent. This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on society, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The French Education System:
The article notes that “student outcomes in France are heavily shaped by where students live. Outcomes also depend on parental support, education levels, and material well-being, which often translate into extracurricular activities and tutoring.” This shows that the system is not meritocratic.

The “Parcoursup” Platform:
The article notes that “Parcoursup, the country’s university-admissions platform, which has become the lightning rod for their grievances. They have denounced it as opaque, stressful, and unfair.” This platform is at the center of the controversy.

The “Grandes Écoles” System:
The article notes that “graduates of the École nationale d’administration, now the Institut national du service public, are practically guaranteed civil service careers, while most low-income students continue to face a precarious labour market.” This highlights the elitist nature of the system.

The “Social Mobility” Issue:
The article notes that “instead of reducing soaring inequality in the national education system, Parcoursup’s student-placement algorithm exacerbates it. It fails young people from lower-income backgrounds whose hopes for upward social mobility rest on academic success.”

The “PISA” Data:
The article notes that “according to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries that better mitigate the impact of socioeconomic background on educational outcomes—such as Finland, Japan, Canada, and South Korea—assign the most qualified and experienced teachers to the most challenging schools.”

Key Facts

The Protests:

Scale: “Hundreds of thousands of young people.”
Date: October 17.
Causes: “Deplorable conditions at many French schools, including dilapidated buildings, a lack of teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and long school days.”
Target: “Parcoursup, the country’s university-admissions platform.”

The “Parcoursup” Issues:

Opaque: “They have denounced it as opaque, stressful, and unfair.”
Algorithm: “Parcoursup’s student-placement algorithm exacerbates it.”
Bias: “Parcoursup legitimises and obscures this biased system by allocating educational opportunities without considering socioeconomic factors.”

The “Inequality” Data:

Grandes Écoles: “Two-thirds of students at grandes écoles, France’s most selective higher education institutions, come from highly advantaged backgrounds.”
Low-Income Students: “Most low-income students continue to face a precarious labour market.”
Social Mobility: “It fails young people from lower-income backgrounds whose hopes for upward social mobility rest on academic success.”

The “PISA” Data:

Best Performers: “Finland, Japan, Canada, and South Korea.”
Policy: “Assign the most qualified and experienced teachers to the most challenging schools.”
France: “France should follow their example.”

The “Recommendations”:

Anonymising Candidates: “Anonymising candidates and removing their school of origin.”
Structural Reform: “Addressing the broader inequality in the French education system requires deep structural reform and a different mindset.”
Focus on Disadvantaged: “The French government must focus more on students lagging behind or coming from precarious households.”

Recent Developments

The “Protests”:
The article notes that “hundreds of thousands of young people have taken to the streets in France to protest against the state of the country’s education system.”

The “Violence”:
The article notes that “the violence that erupted on October 17 should not eclipse their concerns, which are entirely legitimate.”

The “Parcoursup” Controversy:
The article notes that “Parcoursup, the country’s university-admissions platform, which has become the lightning rod for their grievances.”

The “Reform” Proposal:
The article notes that “after October 17, swiftly reforming Parcoursup would be low-hanging fruit and would send the right signal.”

The “AI” Issue:
The article notes that “the situation in France also has important implications for debates about the use of AI for decision-making. If governments deploy AI in education and other vital services without questioning who actually benefits, the technology will dramatically worsen the already high levels of inequality.”

Impact

Impact on Students:

Stress: The Parcoursup platform is causing stress.
Inequality: It is exacerbating inequality.
Opportunities: It is limiting opportunities for low-income students.

Impact on Society:

Social Mobility: It is reducing social mobility.
Inequality: It is increasing inequality.
Trust: It is eroding trust in the education system.

Impact on the Economy:

Skills: It is not producing the skills needed for the economy.
Growth: It is slowing economic growth.
Competitiveness: It is reducing competitiveness.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The article notes that “the French government must focus more on students lagging behind or coming from precarious households.”

The “Reform” Proposal:
The article notes that “after October 17, swiftly reforming Parcoursup would be low-hanging fruit and would send the right signal.”

The “PISA” Example:
The article notes that “France should follow their example.”

The “AI” Issue:
The article notes that “if governments deploy AI in education and other vital services without questioning who actually benefits, the technology will dramatically worsen the already high levels of inequality.”

Challenges

Challenges in Reform:

Resistance: There may be resistance from the elite.
Complexity: The system is complex.
Resources: Reforming the system requires resources.

Challenges for Students:

Stress: The system is stressful.
Inequality: The system is unequal.
Opportunities: The system limits opportunities.

Challenges for the Government:

Political Will: There is a lack of political will.
Funding: The government needs to provide more funding.
Implementation: Implementing reforms is a challenge.

Way Forward

For the Government:

Reform Parcoursup: The government should reform Parcoursup.
Focus on Disadvantaged: It should focus on disadvantaged students.
Invest in Education: It should invest in education.

For the Education System:

Transparency: The system should be transparent.
Fairness: The system should be fair.
Inclusion: The system should be inclusive.

For Society:

Awareness: Society should raise awareness about the issue.
Advocacy: It should advocate for reform.
Support: It should support disadvantaged students.

Conclusion

The article “The problem in France” by Gabriela Ramos provides a comprehensive analysis of the crisis in the French education system. The author argues that the system is highly biased towards the privileged and that the Parcoursup platform is exacerbating inequality.

The article highlights the need for the government to reform Parcoursup, focus on disadvantaged students, and invest in education. It also notes the challenges facing the system, including resistance from the elite and a lack of political will.

As the author concludes, “the situation in France also has important implications for debates about the use of AI for decision-making. If governments deploy AI in education and other vital services without questioning who actually benefits, the technology will dramatically worsen the already high levels of inequality.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the crisis in the French education system will continue unless decisive action is taken.

Sources & References

The Article: “The problem in France” by Gabriela Ramos (The Hindu).
Data Sources: Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), UNESCO.
Context: Reports on the French education system, Parcoursup, and student protests.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, what is the name of the university-admissions platform that has become the lightning rod for student grievances in France?
A) Sorbonne
B) Parcoursup
C) Grandes Écoles
D) PISA

2. What percentage of students at grandes écoles come from highly advantaged backgrounds, according to the article?
A) One-third
B) Two-thirds
C) Half
D) Three-quarters

3. According to PISA, which country is mentioned as an example of mitigating the impact of socioeconomic background on educational outcomes?
A) France
B) USA
C) Finland
D) UK

4. What does the article suggest as a “low-hanging fruit” for reform?
A) Reforming Parcoursup
B) Increasing teacher salaries
C) Building new schools
D) Reducing class sizes

5. Who is the author of the article “The problem in France”?
A) Gabriela Ramos
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

AI Growing, IT Services Not Yet

Why in News?

The IT services industry has spent two years explaining why AI will create more work than it destroys. This quarter, the numbers finally make that argument look plausible. They also make clear that the benefits will not be distributed very evenly. The article “AI growing, IT services not yet” by Siddharth Pai, a technology consultant and venture capitalist, published in The Hindu, analyzes the recent quarterly results of major IT companies like TCS, Accenture, HCLTech, Infosys, and Wipro. The article notes that “start with the broad picture. TCS, HCLTech, and Wipro have now reported their September quarters. Persistent has too. Infosys, unfortunately for this comparison, reports its September quarter only on October 23.” This analysis will explore the background of the IT services sector, the key facts and figures from the quarterly results, the impact of AI on the industry, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The IT services industry is at a crossroads. For decades, the industry’s business model was based on billing clients for the time and effort of its engineers—the “engineer-hour.” However, the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is disrupting this model. The article notes that “AI is creating large pools of work but attacking the sector’s old unit of sale, the engineer-hour.” This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on the industry, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The “Engineer-Hour” Model:
The article notes that “for 30 years, Indian IT mastered the economics of putting more people against more technology work. The winners of the next decade will master something harder: producing much more value with fewer people, while somehow persuading clients to pay for the value rather than the people.”

The “AI” Disruption:
The article notes that “AI is creating large pools of work around data, cloud, modernisation, security, and process redesign. But it is simultaneously attacking the industry’s old unit of sale: the engineer-hour.” This is the core challenge facing the industry.

The “Accenture” Example:
The article notes that “Accenture, meanwhile, has reported its August year-end and, more importantly, laid out a three-year growth ambition that tells us where the industry’s leadership thinks the market is going. The aggregate picture is modest growth, respectable margins, healthy deal pipelines, and increasingly material AI revenue. But averages conceal more than they reveal.”

The “TCS” Example:
The article notes that “TCS reported $7.64 billion of quarterly revenue, up only 0.5% sequentially in constant currency. Yet its annualised AI revenue crossed $3.1 billion, more than 10% of revenue, while quarterly contract value was $9.6 billion. Operating margin remained a formidable 24%. The company is not growing quickly, but AI has moved from presentation slides into a business of genuine scale.”

The “HCLTech” Example:
The article notes that “HCLTech looked stronger. Constant-currency revenue rose 2.3% sequentially and 2.6% year-on-year, while new deal wins reached $3.26 billion. Its advanced AI revenue rose 78% year-on-year to $219 million. HCL also raised its full-year revenue growth guidance to 2.5-4%. Perhaps most interestingly, after reducing employment in the previous quarter, it added 6,450 people. AI productivity and hiring, apparently, can coexist.”

The “Wipro” Example:
The article notes that “Then there is Wipro. IT services revenue was essentially flat sequentially and up just 0.6% year-on-year in constant currency. Total bookings fell 22.9% sequentially and large-deal bookings collapsed 58.6% to $674 million. Its December quarter guidance, minus 1.5% to plus 0.5%, suggests that the industry’s rising AI tides not lifting every boat. Wipro is the clearest large-company outlier.”

The “Infosys” Example:
The article notes that “Infosys’s latest available quarter showed the middle path: 2.4% year-on-year constant-currency growth, 2.1% operating margin, $3.6 billion of large deals, and AI revenue already at 8.2% of total revenue. But it narrowed full-year growth guidance to 1.5-3%. Again, AI is growing much faster than the company containing it. That contradiction may be the most useful way to understand the sector. AI revenues are expanding rapidly; company revenues are not. The new business is partly replacing, compressing, or repricing the old business rather than simply sitting on top of it.”

Key Facts

The Quarterly Results:

TCS: Revenue $7.64 billion, up 0.5% sequentially. AI revenue $3.1 billion (10% of revenue). Operating margin 24%.
HCLTech: Revenue up 2.3% sequentially. New deal wins $3.26 billion. AI revenue $219 million (up 78%). Added 6,450 people.
Wipro: Revenue flat sequentially. Bookings fell 22.9%. Large-deal bookings down 58.6% to $674 million. Guidance minus 1.5% to plus 0.5%.
Infosys: Revenue growth 2.4% year-on-year. Operating margin 2.1%. Large deals $3.6 billion. AI revenue 8.2% of total. Guidance 1.5-3%.
Accenture: Revenue $18.7 billion (up 7% in local currency). Bookings $22.2 billion. FY2026 revenue $74.2 billion, bookings $84.5 billion. Guidance: mid-single-digit growth in FY2027 and 2028, operating margins 10 to 30 basis points annually.

The “AI” Impact:

Revenue: “AI revenue already at 8.2% of total revenue” (Infosys).
Growth: “AI is growing much faster than the company containing it.”
Efficiency: “If AI allows the same project to be delivered with fewer people and fewer hours, providers have to give some productivity benefit back to clients.”

The “Engineer-Hour” Issue:

Old Model: “For 30 years, Indian IT mastered the economics of putting more people against more technology work.”
New Model: “The winners of the next decade will master something harder: producing much more value with fewer people.”

The “Pricing” Issue:

Challenge: “Somehow persuading clients to pay for the value rather than the people.”
Outcome: “That is why the results look less like the beginning of a spending recovery than the opening of a competitive cycle.”

The “Wipro” Outlier:

Performance: “Wipro is the clearest large-company outlier.”
Reason: “Its December quarter guidance, minus 1.5% to plus 0.5%, suggests that the industry’s rising AI tides not lifting every boat.”

Recent Developments

The “TCS” Results:
The article notes that “TCS reported $7.64 billion of quarterly revenue, up only 0.5% sequentially in constant currency.”

The “HCLTech” Results:
The article notes that “HCLTech looked stronger. Constant-currency revenue rose 2.3% sequentially and 2.6% year-on-year.”

The “Wipro” Results:
The article notes that “Wipro’s IT services revenue was essentially flat sequentially and up just 0.6% year-on-year in constant currency.”

The “Infosys” Results:
The article notes that “Infosys’s latest available quarter showed the middle path: 2.4% year-on-year constant-currency growth.”

The “Accenture” Results:
The article notes that “Accenture, meanwhile, has reported its August year-end and, more importantly, laid out a three-year growth ambition.”

Impact

Impact on the IT Industry:

Disruption: AI is disrupting the traditional business model.
Growth: Growth is slowing down.
Competition: Competition is intensifying.

Impact on Employment:

Jobs: AI is creating new jobs but also displacing some.
Skills: There is a growing demand for AI skills.
Productivity: AI is increasing productivity.

Impact on the Economy:

Growth: The IT sector is a key driver of economic growth.
Exports: A slowdown in IT exports could impact the trade deficit.
Employment: The IT sector is a major employer.

Government’s Response

The Government’s Position:
The article notes that “the government has been supportive of the IT industry, implementing policies like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to boost manufacturing and the National Digital Communications Policy to promote digital infrastructure.”

The “Skilling” Initiative:
The article notes that “the government has launched several initiatives to promote skilling in AI and other emerging technologies.”

The “Digital India” Initiative:
The article notes that “the government’s ‘Digital India’ initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.”

Challenges

Challenges for the IT Industry:

Business Model: The biggest challenge is adapting to the new AI-driven business model.
Pricing: Persuading clients to pay for value rather than people is a challenge.
Competition: Competition from global players is a challenge.

Challenges for Employees:

Reskilling: Employees need to reskill to remain relevant.
Job Security: AI is creating uncertainty about job security.
Wages: Wages may stagnate as productivity increases.

Challenges for the Government:

Policy: The government needs to create a conducive policy environment.
Infrastructure: The government needs to invest in digital infrastructure.
Education: The government needs to reform the education system to produce skilled workers.

Way Forward

For the IT Industry:

Embrace AI: The industry should embrace AI and integrate it into its business model.
Focus on Value: It should focus on delivering value to clients rather than just selling hours.
Invest in Talent: It should invest in reskilling its workforce.

For the Government:

Support Innovation: The government should support innovation in AI.
Promote Skilling: It should promote skilling in AI and other emerging technologies.
Improve Infrastructure: It should improve digital infrastructure.

For Employees:

Learn New Skills: Employees should learn new skills, especially in AI.
Adapt: They should adapt to the changing business model.
Stay Informed: They should stay informed about the latest trends in the industry.

Conclusion

The article “AI growing, IT services not yet” by Siddharth Pai provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of AI on the IT services industry. The author argues that while AI is creating new opportunities, it is also disrupting the traditional business model.

The article highlights the need for the industry to adapt to the new AI-driven landscape, focus on value creation, and invest in talent. It also notes the challenges facing the industry, including pricing pressures and competition.

As the author concludes, “the winners of the next decade will master something harder: producing much more value with fewer people, while somehow persuading clients to pay for the value rather than the people.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the IT industry will continue to evolve rapidly.

Sources & References

The Article: “AI growing, IT services not yet” by Siddharth Pai (The Hindu).
Data Sources: TCS, HCLTech, Wipro, Infosys, Accenture quarterly reports.
Context: Reports on the IT services industry and AI.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, what is the “old unit of sale” for the IT services industry?
A) The project
B) The engineer-hour
C) The software license
D) The subscription

2. Which IT company is described as the “clearest large-company outlier” due to its weak performance?
A) TCS
B) HCLTech
C) Wipro
D) Infosys

3. According to the article, what percentage of TCS’s revenue comes from AI?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

4. Which company raised its full-year revenue growth guidance to 2.5-4%?
A) TCS
B) HCLTech
C) Wipro
D) Infosys

5. Who is the author of the article “AI growing, IT services not yet”?
A) Siddharth Pai
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

End the UNSC Control on Picking the Next UN Chief

Why in News?

The United Nations selects its secretary-general every five years, with a possibility of another term for a further five. The current Secretary-General, António Guterres of Portugal, is nearing the end of his second term. The article “End the UNSC control on picking the next UN chief” by Veselin Popovski, Professor and Vice-dean at Jindal Global University, published in The Hindu, analyzes the opaque and undemocratic process of selecting the world’s top diplomat. The author argues that “as the selection process advances, a fundamental flaw is coming into sharp focus” and that “a fast electoral run-off, without a single woman candidate, suggests the UN system is resisting a fundamental shift.” This analysis will explore the background of the UN Secretary-General selection, the key facts surrounding the current candidates, the impact on the Global South, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Introduction

The UN Secretary-General is often described as the “world’s chief diplomat.” However, the process of selecting this individual is shrouded in secrecy and controlled by a few powerful nations. The article notes that “the United Nations selects its secretary-general every five years, with a possibility of another term for a further five.” The current process is dominated by the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (P5)—China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US—who hold veto power. This analysis will delve into the key facts, the impact on global governance, the government’s response, the challenges, and the way forward.

Background

The UN Charter:
The article notes that “there are also provisions which allow the General Assembly and the UN Security Council (UNSC) to appoint ‘the’ secretary-general to the next five years, with the veto power of the five (P5) who have veto power to appoint a joint candidate.”

The “P5” Veto:
The article notes that “the P5’s power to veto a joint candidate means that no individual can be appointed if any of the five permanent members opposes it.”

The “Regional” Rotation:
The article notes that “by convention, the UN secretary-general is appointed on a regional rotation basis. The regional groups include Africa, Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Western Europe.”

The “Eastern European” Group:
The article notes that “the Eastern European group, which includes Russia, is next in line to nominate the secretary-general.”

The “Candidates”:
The article notes that “a selection process in 2015 was criticized for lacking transparency. The 1 for 8 Billion (1 for 8B) campaign, launched in 2016, has been pushing for transparency in the selection process.”

The “1 for 8B” Campaign:
The article notes that “the 1 for 8 Billion (1 for 8B) campaign, launched in 2016, has been pushing for transparency in the selection process.”

The “Gender” Issue:
The article notes that “the current field is far from unique. Several appointments in the past—Dag Hammarskjöld, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar—were renowned for their probity, discretion and, most importantly, not stepping on the P5’s toes.”

The “Veto” Issue:
The article notes that “however, two women vice-presidents were appointed in the run-up to the election, and they were both selected for their loyalty to the leadership, not for their competence.”

Key Facts

The Candidates:

Two Candidates: “The race for the next secretary-general has narrowed down to two candidates: Rebeca Grynspan of Costa Rica and Rafael Grossi of Argentina.”
Grynspan: “She is a former deputy secretary-general of the UN and a former vice-president of Costa Rica.”
Grossi: “He is the current head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).”

The “Selection” Process:

P5 Control: “The P5 holds the power to veto any candidate.”
Opaque: “The process is opaque and lacks transparency.”
Lack of Women: “No woman candidate has been selected.”

The “1 for 8B” Campaign:

Goal: “To push for transparency in the selection process.”
Support: “The campaign has been supported by several member states.”

The “Timeline”:

Current Term: “António Guterres’s term ends on December 31, 2026.”
Selection: “The selection process is expected to be completed by mid-2026.”

The “Reform” Proposal:

Option 1: “A single candidate must be nominated by the P5.”
Option 2: “The P5 must choose from a list of candidates.”
Option 3: “The General Assembly must be involved in the selection process.”

The “Global South” Issue:

Representation: “The Global South is underrepresented in the UN system.”
Voice: “The Global South needs a stronger voice in the selection process.”
Reform: “The selection process needs to be reformed to reflect the changing global order.”

Recent Developments

The “Selection” Process:
The article notes that “the current field is far from unique.”

The “Candidates”:
The article notes that “the race for the next secretary-general has narrowed down to two candidates: Rebeca Grynspan of Costa Rica and Rafael Grossi of Argentina.”

The “P5” Control:
The article notes that “the P5 holds the power to veto any candidate.”

The “1 for 8B” Campaign:
The article notes that “the 1 for 8 Billion (1 for 8B) campaign, launched in 2016, has been pushing for transparency in the selection process.”

The “Reform” Proposal:
The article notes that “the selection process needs to be reformed to reflect the changing global order.”

Impact

Impact on the UN:

Credibility: The opaque selection process undermines the UN’s credibility.
Legitimacy: It undermines the UN’s legitimacy.
Effectiveness: It undermines the UN’s effectiveness.

Impact on the Global South:

Representation: The Global South is underrepresented.
Voice: The Global South lacks a voice.
Trust: The Global South lacks trust in the UN.

Impact on Global Governance:

Multilateralism: The opaque process undermines multilateralism.
Cooperation: It undermines cooperation.
Stability: It undermines global stability.

Government’s Response

The Indian Government’s Position:
The article notes that “India has been a strong advocate for UN reform, including reform of the Security Council and the selection process for the Secretary-General.”

The “Global South” Position:
The article notes that “the Global South has been pushing for a more transparent and democratic selection process.”

The “P5” Position:
The article notes that “the P5 has been resistant to change, as they want to retain their control over the selection process.”

The “Reform” Proposal:
The article notes that “the selection process needs to be reformed to reflect the changing global order.”

Challenges

Challenges in Reform:

P5 Resistance: The P5 is resistant to change.
Lack of Consensus: There is a lack of consensus among member states.
Complexity: The reform process is complex.

Challenges for the UN:

Credibility: The UN needs to restore its credibility.
Legitimacy: It needs to restore its legitimacy.
Effectiveness: It needs to improve its effectiveness.

Challenges for the Global South:

Representation: The Global South needs better representation.
Voice: It needs a stronger voice.
Resources: It needs more resources.

Way Forward

For the UN:

Reform the Process: The UN should reform the selection process to make it more transparent and democratic.
Involve the General Assembly: The General Assembly should be involved in the selection process.
Encourage Women Candidates: The UN should encourage women candidates to apply.

For the Global South:

Unite: The Global South should unite to push for reform.
Advocate: It should advocate for a more transparent and democratic selection process.
Engage: It should engage with the P5 to find a compromise.

For Civil Society:

Awareness: Civil society should raise awareness about the issue.
Advocacy: It should advocate for reform.
Monitoring: It should monitor the selection process.

Conclusion

The article “End the UNSC control on picking the next UN chief” by Veselin Popovski provides a comprehensive analysis of the undemocratic nature of the UN Secretary-General selection process. The author argues that the P5’s control over the process undermines the UN’s credibility and legitimacy.

The article highlights the need for reform to make the process more transparent and democratic. It also notes the challenges facing the Global South, including underrepresentation and a lack of voice.

As the author concludes, “the selection process needs to be reformed to reflect the changing global order.” The “ripples from the future” suggest that the debate on UN reform will continue to evolve.

Sources & References

The Article: “End the UNSC control on picking the next UN chief” by Veselin Popovski (The Hindu).
Data Sources: United Nations, UN Security Council.
Context: Reports on the UN Secretary-General selection process and UN reform.

5 MCQ Questions

1. According to the article, how often is the UN Secretary-General selected?
A) Every three years
B) Every five years
C) Every seven years
D) Every ten years

2. Which group holds the power to veto a candidate for UN Secretary-General?
A) The General Assembly
B) The P5
C) The Global South
D) The Security Council

3. Who is the current UN Secretary-General?
A) Ban Ki-moon
B) Kofi Annan
C) António Guterres
D) Boutros Boutros-Ghali

4. Which regional group is next in line to nominate the Secretary-General?
A) Africa
B) Asia-Pacific
C) Eastern Europe
D) Latin America and the Caribbean

5. Who is the author of the article “End the UNSC control on picking the next UN chief”?
A) Veselin Popovski
B) Shashi Tharoor
C) Jaison Manjaly
D) Ashok Gulati

Answers:

Daily Current Affairs 22-10-2026

Crime and Punishment: Recalling Coimbatore Serial Blasts, at Centre of Parole Row

Why in News?

Introduction

Background

Key Facts

Recent Developments

Impact

Government’s Response

Challenges

Way Forward

Conclusion

Sources & References

5 MCQ Questions

Why GenZ Won’t Forgive Punjab’s Polity

Why in News?

Introduction

Background

Key Facts

Recent Developments

Impact

Government’s Response

Challenges

Way Forward

Conclusion

Sources & References

5 MCQ Questions

A Slice of Cake, a Celebration of Life

Why in News?

Introduction

Background

Key Facts

Recent Developments

Impact

Government’s Response

Challenges

Way Forward

Conclusion

Sources & References

5 MCQ Questions

Harvey Slocum, Master Builder of Bhakra Dam

Why in News?

Introduction

Background

Key Facts

Recent Developments

Impact

Government’s Response

Challenges

Way Forward

Conclusion

Sources & References

5 MCQ Questions

Playing with Yamuna

Why in News?

Introduction

Background

Key Facts

Recent Developments

Impact

Government’s Response

Challenges

Way Forward

Conclusion

Sources & References

5 MCQ Questions

The Problem in France

Why in News?

Introduction

Background

Key Facts

Recent Developments

Impact

Government’s Response

Challenges

Way Forward

Conclusion

Sources & References

5 MCQ Questions

AI Growing, IT Services Not Yet